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Research progress on identification technology of emerging infectious diseases

Zhenhan LUO ; Chunhui WANG ; Jinhai ZHANG

Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.2021;32(2):1-6. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2483.2021.02.001

In recent years, the increasingly frequent contact between humans and wild animals, coupled with the continuous mutation and evolution of pathogenic microorganisms, has led to a continuous increase and frequent outbreaks in emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), which has posed big threats and challenges to the global public health. On the occasion of the next outbreak of EIDs, it is hoped that the two major questions of ^"what is the pathogen^" and ^"where does the pathogen come from^" can be answered accurately and quickly through the rational use of relevant technical methods, so as to timely and effectively warn and control the outbreak of EIDs from the source. This article summarizes the pathogen identification and traceability analysis techniques of current emerging infectious diseases, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various technologies and their respective application fields.

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Analysis of the relationship between Clostridium genus and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

Dongyu ZHENG ; Yijing ZHOU ; Yijing ZHOU ; Lubiao YAN ; Shuping HAN ; Hong CHI ; Xuan WANG ; Shiqi ZHEN ; Zhen TANG ; Yun LIU ; Lei LIU ; Han ZHOU ; Xiang HUO

Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.2021;32(2):7-11. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2483.2021.02.002

Objective To analyze the correlation between intestinal flora changes and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)through 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing and bacterial culture. Methods From September 2018 to March 2019, 10 NEC cases and 6 controls were randomly selected in the neonatal ICU ward of Nanjing maternal and child health care hospital to analyze the 16S rRNA metagenomic diversity of the for intestinal flora. The fecal samples and corresponding environmental samples were corrected from 51 cases of NEC children and their case controls to isolate and culture Clostridium. Results The dispersion of samples within the case group was smaller than that of the control group, and the sample diversity was higher than that of the control group. In the isolation and culture of Clostridium, the overall detection rate of Clostridium in the case group was 43.14% (22/51), and the detection rate of Clostridium butyricum was the highest (19.61%, 10/51). There was a statistical difference between the two groups (χ²=5.85, P=0.015 58). All Clostridium strains did not carry the A, B and E type neurotoxin genes. Conclusion: Increased intestinal flora diversity, intestinal flora abundance and changes in the abundance of Clostridium may be closely related to the intestinal environment of children with NEC; Clostridium, especially Clostridium butyricum, may be related to the occurrence of NEC.

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Application of neural network model and logistic regression in the prediction of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Yumeng TANG ; Lan ZHANG ; Qian LI ; Jie HONG ; Jianhua LI ; Shuzhen ZHU

Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.2021;32(2):12-16. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2483.2021.02.003

Objective To establish a mathematical prediction model for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by applying an artificial neural network (ANN) and logistic regression analysis method. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 to collect epidemiological data of COPD of 2 400 residents from Hubei Province. Subjects were randomized into training group and test group at a ratio of 7:3. The prediction models of COPD were established using ANN and logistic multiple regression. The predictive performance of the two models was compared. Results Information from a total of 1 569 subjects was valid and analyzed, including 1,099 cases in the training group and 470 cases in the test group. The area under curve (AUC) of ANN for training group and test group was 0.80 and 0.78, respectively. The AUC of logistic regression for training group and test group was 0.75 and 0.74, respectively. Conclusion It is feasible to apply ANN and logistic regression models to predict COPD, which can provide scientific evidence for COPD prevention and treatment.

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Trend analysis of the death level and probability of premature mortality caused by gastric cancer in Jinshan district, Shanghai, 1980-2019

Xiaoyun ZHU ; Yaning ZHANG ; Qi SHU

Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.2020;32(2):17-21. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2483.2021.02.004

Objective To analyze the trend of death level and the probability of premature death caused by gastric cancer in Jinshan District, Shanghai from 1980 to 2019, and to provide a basis for formulating prevention and control measures of gastric cancer. Methods The death cases of gastric cancer were collected through the death cause registration system in Jinshan District, and the crude gastric cancer death rate, standardized death rate, age group death rate, premature death probability and annual change percentage were calculated. Results From 1980 to 2019, the crude mortality of gastric cancer in Jinshan District was 22.38/100 000, and the standardized mortality was 13.85/100 000. Over these 40 years, the standardized mortality of gastric cancer showed a downward trend in both males and females (APC=-3.69%, -3.39%, P<0.001). In different periods, the mortality of gastric cancer in all age groups decreased. Over the past 40 years, the probability of premature death caused by gastric cancer showed a downward trend in both males and females (APC=-4.32%, -4.24%, P<0.001), but there was no significant downward trend in the probability of premature death caused by gastric cancer in males and females in the past 10 years. Conclusion Over the past 40 years, the mortality rate and the probability of premature death of gastric cancer in Jinshan District have shown a downward trend. However, gastric cancer is still one of the major malignant tumors that seriously threaten the health of residents in Jinshan District. Comprehensive prevention and treatment measures should be taken to reduce the mortality and the probability of premature death of gastric cancer.

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Prevalence of exposure to cooking-based polluting fuels and biofuels of residents aged 40 years and above in some regions of Hunan Province

Lei YIN ; Liping HU ; Zhao XI ; Donghui JIN

Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.2021;32(2):22-25. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2483.2021.02.005

Objective To investigate the prevalence of exposure to cooking-based polluting fuels and biofuels of residents aged over 40 years in some regions of Hunan Province, and to provide a basis for future prevention and control of the pollutant fuels. Methods The present survey was carried out on residents from five chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance sites in Hunan Province in 2019. A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling strategy was conducted to determine resident participants for the present study. A face-to-face inquiry survey was used to collect the relevant data of the participants. After complex weighting of the samples, the prevalence of residents^’ exposure to the pollutant fuel and biofuel was analyzed. Results A total of 2 981 residents aged 40 years and above were included in the analysis. With complex weighting, the exposure rate of polluting fuels and biofuels were 19.69%（95%CI：18.11%-21.27%）and 16.14%（95%CI：14.66%-17.62%）, respectively, among residents aged over 40 years in Hunan. The exposure rates of polluting fuels and biomass fuels were both higher in females than males, and higher in rural areas than urban areas (both P<0.05). The exposure rates of polluting fuels and biomass fuels both decreased with age and education level (both P<0.05). Conclusion The use of polluting fuels and biomass fuels for cooking among residents aged 40 years and above is still popular in some regions of Hunan Province. Appropriate measures should be taken toward rural women to reduce their exposure to polluting fuels and biofuels.

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Analysis of proficiency test for determination of manganese in drinking water in Shaanxi Province

Yu LIU ; Wenting YUAN ; Caixia WANG ; Guoxia CHENG ; Xiaoling NIE ; Xiaocong LIANG ; Tianlai LI

Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.2021;32(2):26-29. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2483.2021.02.006

Objective To understand and improve the laboratory detection capacity of water manganese in testing organizations of Shaanxi Province． Methods The self-made manganese capacity testing samples were used as the reference in this proficiency testing program. The homogeneity of the samples was tested by single factor analysis of variance. The t-test method was used to evaluate the stability of the samples. The results of manganese in water provided by participant laboratories were analyzed by the robust statistical technique Z-score. Results A total of 136 laboratories participated in the proficiency testing program throughout the province. Among them, 129 laboratories (including retest laboratory) or 94.85% of total participating laboratories obtained satisfactory results. Conclusion The water quality monitoring agencies of our province had shown a strong detection capability for the determination of metal elements in drinking water, which ensures to provide safe water supply to the residents in Shaanxi Province.

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Etiological and epidemiological analysis of viral diarrhea surveillance in Hubei Province in 2017-2019

Jing LI ; Yan XING ; Wenjing ZOU ; Ting ZHANG ; Junqiang XYU

Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.2021;32(2):30-33. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2483.2021.02.007

Objective To understand the pathogen composition and epidemic characteristics of viral diarrhea in Hubei province. Methods Stool samples of adults and children from sentinel monitoring of viral diarrhea in Hubei province from 2017 to 2019 were collected. Real-time RT-PCR method was used to detect the nucleic acids of rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus and sapovirus. The detection results of the 5 pathogens were statistically analyzed. Results The total positive rate of 5 diarrheal viruses in 1 957 samples was 36.84%, and the number of cases of mixed infection accounted for 19.00%, among which rotavirus accounted for 9.50%, norovirus 13.29%, astrovirus 4.14%, adenovirus 14.10% and sapovirus 3.37%. In Hubei province, rotavirus and norovirus were still prevalent in autumn and winter. The epidemic seasons of adenovirus and astrovirus were similar, mainly occurring in April and May, while the infection rate of sapovirus was relatively high in November and January of the following year. The main infected population of the five diarrheal viruses was still children aged 5 years and younger, which was significantly higher than other age groups. Conclusion The main pathogens of viral diarrhea in Hubei from 2017 to 2019 are adenovirus, norovirus and rotavirus, and there are some mixed infections. It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of major pathogens and take effective and scientific protection measures for high incidence seasons and key populations.

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Analysis of the mortality and years of life lost from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among residents in Pudong New Area of Shanghai in 2002-2019

Yichen CHEN ; Hua CHEN ; Lianghong SUN ; Xiaopan LI ; Hanyi CHEN ; Xiaobin QU ; Yi ZHOU ; Shaotan XIAO

Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.2021;32(2):34-38. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2483.2021.02.008

Objective To explore the death characteristics and the potential years of life lost from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among residents in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from 2002 to 2019, so as to provide a reference for formulating corresponding prevention and control strategies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods The death data of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was extracted from the Pudong New Area's death surveillance system. Crude mortality, age-standardized mortality, potential years of life lost (PYLL), average years of life lost (AYLL) and annual percent change (APC) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease deaths were calculated to analyze the situation of COPD death in Pudong New Area. Results The crude mortality and age-standardized mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among residents in Pudong New Area between 2002 and 2019 were 64.94/100,000 and 21.04/100 000, respectively. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed a downward trend (APC=-2.05%, Z=- 5.342, P<0.001), and the standardized mortality rate decreased year by year (APC=-6.23%, Z=-13.052, P<0.001). The crude mortality and age-standardized rates in male residents were both higher than those in females (Z-crude mortality=46.471, P<0.001, Z-standardized mortality=-48.961, P<0.001). The PYLL of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was 16,997 years, the PYLL rate was 0.34‰, and the AYLL was 0.53 years per person. Conclusion From 2002 to 2019, the mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among residents in Pudong New Area was relatively high and caused serious life loss. Both crude mortality and age-standardized rate showed a downward trend during the study period. Comprehensive prevention and control measures should be further developed.

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Analysis with the big data of the epidemic trend of acute myocardial infarction in Yichang in 2015-2019

Yanli ZHANG ; Pei ZHANG ; Chengzhong XU ; Zhouzhi WU ; Ying XU ; Fangfang LU

Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.2021;32(2):39-42. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2483.2021.02.009

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Yichang City in the last 5 years, and to provide a basis for targeted prevention and treatment. Methods The annual estimated percentage was used to evaluate the trend of morbidity and mortality of AMI by using the monitoring data from 2015 to 2019 from the health big data platform of Yichang. Results There were 1 976 new cases of AMI in Yichang from 2015 to 2019, with a crude morbidity of 41.96/100 000, and standardized morbidity of 87.52/100 000. Among them the crude incidence rate in males was 57.69/100 000, and 29.84/100 000 in females. The difference was statistically significant (χ²=15.76, P<0.001). From 2015 to 2019, 1838 people died of AMI, with a crude mortality of 39.03/100,000 and a standardized morbidity of 27.27/100 000. The crude mortality for males and females was 44.03/100,000 and 3.39/100 000, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=45.65, P<0.001). The morbidity and mortality of males and females were increased with age. Conclusion From 2015 to 2019, the morbidity of AMI in Yichang was at a moderately low level in China, but the mortality was higher than the national average. The morbidity showed an upward trend, with men and elderly people aged ≥60 being more serious. Appropriate intervention measures should be taken for different groups of people to reduce the incidence of AMI.

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Molecular traceability of the pathogen of the first local dengue infection outbreak in Hubei Province in 2019

Wenjing ZOU ; Kun CAI ; Jing LI ; Junqiang XYU ; Yan PENG

Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.2021;32(2):43-46. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2483.2021.02.010

Objective To identify the etiology of the first local dengue infection outbreak in Hubei Province in 2019, and to determine the serotype and genotype of the virus and trace its source. Methods Serum samples were collected from dengue fever cases in the acute phase. The IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)，and the serotype was determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR. C6/36 cells were used to isolate virus and obtain virus E gene and complete genome sequence for systematic evolution analysis to trace the possible source of infection. Results The pathogen of the outbreak was identified as dengue serotype I infection，and five virus strains were isolated. Sequence analysis showed that the virus belonged to genotype I of dengue I, and had the highest homology with the strain isolated in Guangzhou, 2019. Conclusion The first local dengue infection outbreak in Hubei Province in 2019 was caused by genotype I of the type I dengue virus.

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