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Formula Derivation for the Probability Distribution of IBS Score in Unrelated Individual Pairs

Qi ZHAO ; Ran LI ; Yun-zhou JIN ; Hong-yu SUN ; Shu-min ZHAO

Journal of Forensic Medicine.2019;35(6):370-374. doi:10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.06.003

Objective To derive the general equation of the probability distribution of identity by state （IBS） score among biological full sibling pairs by calculating STR allele frequency. Methods Based on the Mendelian genetics law and the hypothesis that parents of biological full siblings（FS） were unrelated individuals, the IBS score and corresponding probability of different genotype combinations in the offspring when unrelated individuals of different genotype combinations give birth to two offsprings were derived. Results Given fi （i=1, 2, …, m） as the frequency of the ith allele of a STR locus, the probability of sharing 2 alleles（p2FS）, 1 allele（p1FS） or 0 allele （p0FS） with biological full sibling pairs on the locus can be respectively expressed as follows： p2FS= 14 ×[1 + 2∑im= 1 fi2 + 2（∑im= 1 fi2）2 -∑im= 1 fi4] , p1FS= 12 ×[1 +∑im= 1 fi2 - 2（∑im= 1 fi2）2 - 2∑im= 1 fi3 + 2∑im= 1 fi4] and p0FS= 14 ×[1 - 4∑im= 1 fi2 + 2（∑im= 1 fi2）2 + 4∑im= 1 fi3 -3∑im= 1 fi4] . The sum of p2FS, p1FS and p0FS must be 1. As for the multiple genotyping system that contained n STR loci, IBS scores between biological full sibling pairs conform to binomial distribution：IBS~B（2n, π1）. The population rate π1, can be given by the formula：π1= 1n∑ln= 1 p2FSl + 21n∑ln= 1 p1FSl . Conclusion The alternative hypothesis in biological full sibling testing is that two appraised individuals are biological full siblings. The probability of the corresponding alternative hypothesis of any STR locus combination or IBS score can be directly calculated by the equations presented in this study, and the calculation results are the basis for explanations of the evidence.

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The Injury Mechanisms of Fracture due to Domestic Violence: A Case Study

Dongmei LIU ; Dong GAO ; Wentao XIA ; Zhengdong LI ; Shu ZHOU ; Shuya PENG

Journal of Forensic Medicine.2017;33(2):209-213. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.02.029

T his article reported a 37-year-old w om an w ho w as physically attacked by her husband, w hich caused her leg injuries. In the hospital a diagnosis w as m ade of fractures of the right patella and left tibia before she underw ent an operation of open reduction and internal fixation. B ecause the husband re-fused to adm it his fam ily violence com m itted against this w om an; instead he claim ed that her low er lim b fractures belonged to the falling injuries caused by a traffic accident. T he police assigned forensic experts to judicially judge the w om an's injuries. A nd the identification results of X-ray and C T show ed that the transverse fracture of patella had been caused by m uscular violence, and that both direct and indirect force resulted in the injuries of left tibia, and the fracture of left m edial orbital w all m ight have been form ed during the violence. T his article expounded the identification betw een the injuries of fam ily violence and traffic accident by the applications of im aging, w hich em phasized the application value of im aging techniques in clinic forensic science.

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Confirming Indicators of Qualitative Results by Chromatography-mass Spectrome-try in Biological Samples

Shaodan LIU ; Daming ZHANG ; Wei ZHANG ; Wenfang ZHANG

Journal of Forensic Medicine.2017;33(2):181-188. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.02.016

B ecause of the exist of com plex m atrix, the confirm ing indicators of qualitative results for toxic substances in biological sam ples by chrom atography-m ass spectrom etry are different from that in non-biological sam ples. E ven in biological sam ples, the confirm ing indicators are different in various ap-plication areas. T his paper review s the sim ilarities and differences of confirm ing indicators for the ana-lyte in biological sam ples by chrom atography-m ass spectrom etry in the field of forensic toxicological analysis and other application areas. T hese confirm ing indicators include retention tim e (R T ), relative re-tention tim e (R R T ), signal to noise (S/N ), characteristic ions, relative abundance of characteristic ions, parent ion-daughter ion pair and abundance ratio of ion pair, etc.

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Impact of Myocardial Infarction and Abnormalities of Cardiac Conduction System on Sudden Cardiac Death

Ruying SONG ; Runtao DING ; Wen CUI

Journal of Forensic Medicine.2017;33(2):171-174. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.02.014

Sudden cardiac death (SC D ),m ostcom m only seen in coronary heart disease, is a kind of sud-den death caused by series of cardiac param eters, w hich usually com bines w ith m yocardial infarction. H ow ever, som e SC D s (including early m yocardial infarction) happen suddenly and cause death in a very short tim e. In these circum stances, typical m orphological changes are lack in m acroscopic or m icroscopic fields, w hich m ake such SC D s becom e the em phasis and difficulty in the present research. SC D caused by m yocardial infarction and abnorm alities of cardiac conduction system (C C S ) is related to atheroscle-rosis of coronary artery closely. T his paper review s cardiac dysfunction caused by m yocardial infarction and diseases of C C S from m orphology and m olecular biology, and explores potential relationship be-tw een them . T his paper aim s to provide clues to the m echanism of m yocardial infarction related sudden death and possible assistance for forensic diagnosis of SC D .

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Diatom Detection Using Enzyme Combined with Strong Acid Digestion Method

Jian YAO ; Weijun KAN

Journal of Forensic Medicine.2017;33(2):165-167. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.02.012

Objective T o detect diatom in the organs of drow ners by enzym e com bined w ith strong acid digestion m ethod, and evaluate its application value. Methods A total of 40 cases w hich have been identified as drow ning in local region w ere collected. Sam ples of the lung, liver, kidney, and the w ater of the scene w ere also gathered from each case. Strong acid digestion m ethod, enzym e com bined w ith strong acid digestion m ethod, and enzym ic digestion m ethod w ere respectively perform ed to detect the diatom in the sam ples. T he com parative analysis w as m ade on digestion tim e, digestive pow er and de-tection rate of diatom , etc. Results E nzym e com bined w ith strong acid digestion m ethod w as significant-ly better than enzym ic digestion m ethod on digestion tim e and digestive pow er;enzym e com bined w ith strong acid digestion m ethod w ere obviously superior to strong acid digestion m ethod on the detection rate of diatom . Conclusion E nzym e com bined w ith strong acid digestion m ethod com bines the advan-tages of strong acid digestion m ethod and enzym ic digestion m ethod. It has the characters of operation safety w ith little pollution to environm ent, w hich is w orthy of further popularization and practice.

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Analysis on the Injury Mechanism and Characteristics of Ox Horn

Weili ZHANG ; Yiliang DU

Journal of Forensic Medicine.2017;33(2):162-164. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.02.011

Objective T o study the m orphological characteristics of the injury caused by ox horn on hu-m an body and its injury m echanism , and to discuss the rules and characteristics of injury by ox horn and provide forensic evidences for identification of such cases. Methods T he com parative analysis of po-sition and m orphological characteristics w ere perform ed by sum m arizing the data of 100 victim s gored by ox accepted by H eilongjiang agricultural areas public security bureau during 2004-2014. Results T he specific injuries only could be found at the contact positions such as thorax and abdom en, low er back and lim bs of the victim s gored by ox horn. M ost of the skin w ounds had the characteristics of sharp in-juries, the bar-type injury by club w hich called rail w ay bruise w as an obvious characteristic appeared on the soft tissue. Conclusion O x horn can cause non-specific injuries on thorax and abdom en , low er back and lim bs of hum an body, w hich are sim ilar w ith the characteristics of sharp injury and injury by club. C areful analyzation and identification should be perform ed on such injury in daily w ork.

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Forensic Psychiatric Assessment for Organic Personality Disorders after Cranio-cerebral Trauma

Chenhu LI ; Lina HUANG ; Mingchang ZHANG ; Meng HE

Journal of Forensic Medicine.2017;33(2):158-161. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.02.010

Objective T o explore the occurrence and the differences of clinical m anifestations of organic personality disorder w ith varying degrees of craniocerebral traum a. Methods A ccording to the Interna-tional C lassification of D iseases-10, 396 subjects w ith craniocerebral traum a caused by traffic accidents w ere diagnosed, and the degrees of craniocerebral traum a w ere graded. T he personality characteristics of all patients w ere evaluated using the sim plified N euroticism E xtraversion O penness Five-Factor Inventory (N E O-FFI). Results T he occurrence rate of organic personality disorder w as 34.6% w hile it w as 34.9%and 49.5% in the patients w ith m oderate and severe craniocerebral traum a, respectively, w hich signifi-cantly higher than that in the patients (18.7% ) of m ild craniocerebral traum a (P<0.05). C om pared w ith the patients w ithout personality disorder, the neuroticism , extraversion and agreeableness scores all show ed significantly differences (P<0.05) in the patients of m ild craniocerebral traum a w ith personality disorder; the neuroticism , extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness scores show ed significantly differences (P<0.05) in the patients of m oderate and severe craniocerebral traum a w ith personality disor-der. T he agreeableness and conscientiousness scores in the patients of m oderate and severe craniocerebral traum a w ith personality disorder w ere significantly low er than that of m ild craniocerebral traum a, and the patients of severe craniocerebral traum a had a low er score in extraversion than in the patients of m ild craniocerebral traum a. Conclusion T he severity of craniocerebral traum a is closely related to the in-cidence of organic personality disorder, and it also affects the clinical features of the latter, w hich pro-vides a certain significance and help for forensic psychiatric assessm ent.

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Eye Movement Characteristics of Cooperation Degree during Image Completion Test in Psychiatric Impairment Assessment

Junjie WANG ; Chao LIU ; Lu LIU ; Shengyu ZHANG ; Haozhe LI ; Weixiong CAI

Journal of Forensic Medicine.2017;33(2):154-157,161. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.02.009

Objective T o explore the difference of eye m ovem ent characteristics betw een uncooperative and cooperative subjects w ith m ental disorder after cerebral traum a. Methods T hirty-nine subjects w hich needed psychiatric im pairm ent assessm ent w ere selected. A ccording to the binom ial forced-choice digit m em ory test (BFD M T),allsubjects w ere divided into cooperative and uncooperative groups. The subjects w ere asked to take the im age com pletion test from W echsler adult intelligence scale. M eanw hile, the data of eye m ovem ent track, fixation, saccade, pupil and blink w ere recorded by the track system of eye m ovem ent. Results T here w ere significantly differences (P<0.05) in the data of saccade betw een coopera-tive (10 cases) and uncooperative groups (29 cases). T he frequency, tim e, am plitude, acceleration of saccadic in uncooperative group w ere significantly higher than cooperation group. T he saccade latencies of cooperation group increased m ore than uncooperative group. T here w as a significant difference (P<0.05) in total discrete distance, average distance and total tim e of fixation betw een tw o groups, w hile the aver-age duration tim e, num ber and frequency of fixation had no significantly difference (P>0.05) betw een tw o groups. A nd the blink frequency of cooperation group w as higher than uncooperative group. Conclusion E ye m ovem ent can be an objective index for the prim ary judgm ent of cooperation level.

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Determination of Sulfide Ion in Blood from Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning Cases

Huosheng QIANG ; Hang CHEN ; Baohua SHEN ; Min SHEN ; Ping XIANG

Journal of Forensic Medicine.2017;33(2):148-153. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.02.008

Objective T o establish a gas chrom atography-m ass spectrom etry (G C-M S ) m ethod for the determ ination of sulfide ion in blood and apply it to the practical cases. Methods T he 1, 3, 5-tribro-m obenzene w as selected as an internal standard, and 0.2 m L blood sam ple w as collected and analyzed using G C-M S after α-B rom o-2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluorobenzyl brom ide derivatization. Results T he m ass concentration of sulfide ion in blood had good linearity in the range of 0.2-40μg/m L w ith a lim it of detection (L O D ) of 0.05μg/m L . T he m ass concentration of sulfide ion w as less than 0.05μg/m L in blank blood from different sources such as healthy subjects and dead cases. In 3 sulfide poisoning cases, sul-fide ion w as detected in the blood sam ples of 6 victim s, and the m ass concentration range w as 1.02-3.13μg/m L . Conclusion T his study establishes a m ethod for investigation of sulfide ion in blood w hich has been applied successfully to the cases of fatal sulfide poisonings.

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Full Sibling Identification by IBS Scoring Method and Establishment of the Query Table of Its Critical Value

Ran LI ; Chengtao LI ; Shumin ZHAO ; Haixia LI ; Li LI ; Riga WU ; Chuchu ZHANG ; Hongyu SUN

Journal of Forensic Medicine.2017;33(2):136-140,147. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.02.006

Objective T o establish a query table of IB S critical value and identification pow er for the detection system s w ith different num bers of ST R loci under different false judgm ent standards. Methods Sam ples of 267 pairs of full siblings and 360 pairs of unrelated individuals w ere collected and 19 auto-som al ST R loci w ere genotyped by G oldeneyeTM 20A system . T he full siblings w ere determ ined using IB S scoring m ethod according to the 'R egulation for biological full sibling testing'. T he critical values and identification pow er for the detection system s w ith different num bers of ST R loci under different false judgm ent standards w ere calculated by theoretical m ethods. Results A ccording to the form al IB S scoring criteria, the identification pow er of full siblings and unrelated individuals w as 0.7640 and the rate of false judgm ent w as 0. T he results of theoretical calculation w ere consistent w ith that of sam ple observation. T he query table of IB S critical value for identification of full sibling detection system s w ith different num bers of ST R loci w as successfully established. Conclusion T he IB S scoring m ethod defined by the regulation has high detection efficiency and low false judgm ent rate, w hich provides a relatively conservative result. T he query table of IB S critical value for identification of full sibling detection sys-tem s w ith different num bers of ST R loci provides an im portant reference data for the result judgm ent of full sibling testing and ow ns a considerable practical value.

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