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The roles of netrin-1 and its receptors in brain ischemia

International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.2010;18(8):637-640. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2010.08.013

The netrin family represented by netrin-1 is currently one of the most concerned axon guidance factors. Netrin-1 plays guidance roles for axon growth and cell migration by the dual mechanisms of attracting/excluding during the embryonic development. At the same time, netrin-1 also widely expresses in the adult nervous system and involves in the reconstruction of the structure and function after the achft nervous system injury. This article reviews the roles of netrin-1 in ischemic brain injury.

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CD40/CD40L system and atherosclerosis and cerebral infarction

Qijie LING ; Zhaohu CHU

International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.2010;18(8):632-636. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2010.08.012

Cerebral artery atherosclerosis is the main reason leading to cerebral infarction. CD40/CD40L overexpression will stimulate the immune and inflammatory responses,leading to local inflammatory cell infiltration within the atherosclerotic plaque, triggering plaque rupture, and thus causing cerebral infarction. Studies have suggested that that CD40L is associated with the severity of cerebral infarction, Therefore, clinical detection of CD40L can be used as an indicator for identifying the severity of cerebral infarction to guide clinical treatment.

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Aquaporin 4 and cerebral edema

Qiming LI ; Dujuan SHA ; Jun ZHANG

International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.2010;18(8):624-631. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2010.08.011

The aquaporins (AQPs) are a group of highly selective water channel protein family. The content of AQP4 in the astrocytes of the brain is the highest. It is the most vital protein in central nerve system. It participates in a series of pathologic processes of cerebrovascular disorders, brain contusion, tumor, and inflammation caused cerebral edema.However, the mechanism of AQP4 in the process of cerebral edema formation remains controversial. Selective modulation of the expression of AQP4 and intervention in part of its role may provide novel ideas and means for the treatment of edema after cerebral ischemia in clinical practice.

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Neurogenic pulmonary edema following cerebrovascular diseases

Jin LI ; Dujuan SHA ; Jun ZHANG

International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.2010;18(8):617-623. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2010.08.010

Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is a fatal complication after severe injury of central nervous system. Various cerebrovascular diseases are the common causes of NPE. The mortality of NPE is high. Its pathogenesis involves a variety of factors; however, its exact mechanism remains obscure. This article reviews the advances in pathogenesis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases complicated with NPE in recent years.

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Biomarkers of oxidative stress in stroke

Yan WEI ; Xinnan SHEN

International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.2010;18(8):611-616. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2010.08.009

Oxidative stress has been demonstrated to be one of the important mechanisms for brain injury. Free radicals are one of the most important products following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and intracerebral hemorrhage. They are the important markers for evaluating the 2 types of stroke injuries. At present, some relevant biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as lipid, DNA, protein peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, and non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules as well as inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, are increasingly receiving attention. This article reviews and evaluates the biomarkers of oxidative stress in stroke.

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Application of intraoperative ultrasound monitoring in carotid endarterectomy

Yumei LIU ; Yang HUA

International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.2010;18(8):607-610. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2010.08.008

The changes of cerebral hemodynamics, morphology and hemodynamics of carotid artery in carotid endarterectomy were monitored using transcranial Doppler in combination with color duplex ultrasound. It is helpful to reduce the occurrence of intraoperative cerebral ischaemia and timely guides surgeons to perform the second repair. This article reviews the application values of ultrasonic technology in carotid endarterectomy.

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Callosal infarction

Lijun LIU ; Jijun TENG ; Chen ZHANG

International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.2010;18(8):599-602. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2010.08.006

he blood supply of corpus callosum is rich, its function is complex, and the incidence of infarction is low. The risk factors and etiology for callosal infarction do not have any difference with the infarction in other parts of the brain. The clinical manifestations of the disease are complex and diverse. The two classical clinical manifestations are callosal disconnection syndrome and frontal-type gait disorder, but hemiplegia, monoplegia, apraxia, and mental retardation are common in clinical practice. The positive rate of CT scan is lower. MRI has higher sensitivity and specificity for callosal infarction. The diagnosis of callosal infarction is not difficult according to the history and imaging examination, however, it needs to be differentiated with other diseases that likely involve corpus callosum. Most of the patients with callosal infarction have good prognosis.

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Recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage

Rongjun ZHANG ; Xiaofeng WANG ; Shuande LI ; Jianxin LIU ; Shuzhen YANG ; Jun WANG ; Bobo CHEN ; Zongchun TANG

International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.2010;18(8):595-598. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2010.08.005

Recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage is a very serious cerebrovascular disease.Its incidence has shown a clear upward trend, and both disability and mortality have increased significantly compared to the first intracerebral hemorrhage. This article reviews the clinical classification, characteristics, risk factors, pathogenesis, and prognosis of recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor and cerebral infarction

Ke DENG ; Xiaoqiu WU ; Zhijie XIAO

International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.2010;18(7):532-536. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2010.07.011

Vascular endothelial growth factor is a vascular endothelial cell-specific mitogen.It is the most important angiogenic factor.VEGF expresses highly after cerebral infarction.It plays importmt roles in angiogenesis and neuroprotection.At the same time,its overexpression will also increase vascular permeability;thereby it may aggravate brain edema.This article reviews the advances in research on VEGF and its receptors and cerebral infarction.

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Microembolic signals and adhesion molecules in patients with cerebral ischemia

Yanling SUI ; Xudong PAN

International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases.2010;18(7):527-531. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2010.07.010

Unstable plaque is one of the major sources of microemboli.The microembolic signals indicate that the patients had unstable plaques and are prone to cerebral infarction recently.A series of adhesion molecules involved in the regulation of inflammatory response and functional changes of cerebral microcirculation during ischemic brain injury.The interaction among the adhesion molecules is conducive to leukocyte adhesion,migration,and platelet aggregation,thereby promoting inflammatory response and thrombosis.Recent studies have indicated that adhesion molecules are closely correlated with the instability of atherosclerotic plaques,which may have involved in the formation process of microemboli.The further study of adhesion molecules and microemboli contributes to implementation of drug intervention.It has a positive significance for the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia.

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