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Relationship of Forced Vital Capacity with Chronic Kidney Disease among Middle-Aged and Elder Korean Men

Korean Journal of Family Practice.2019;9(1):96-101. doi:10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.1.96

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether impaired pulmonary function serves as a risk factor for decreased renal function. This study investigated the association between the forced vital capacity (FVC) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle-aged and elderly men.METHODS: We investigated the association between FVC and CKD in 412 Korean men aged ≥50 years, without diabetes, who have not received treatment for chronic lung disease. CKD was defined based on evidence of renal tissue damage or reduced renal function indicated by estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or proteinuria level ≥1+. We assessed the association between FVC and CKD using multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for confounders.RESULTS: The overall prevalence of CKD was 29.2% in the study population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval for CKD was 0.96 (0.92–0.99) with a 1% increment in FVC after adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, regular exercise, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, as well as antihypertensive and antidyslipidemic medications.CONCLUSION: We observed that FVC was independently and inversely associated with CKD. This finding suggests that careful monitoring of renal function is necessary to evaluate possible kidney dysfunction in patients with decreased FVC.
Aged ; Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; Fasting ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Kidney ; Logistic Models ; Lung Diseases ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Proteinuria ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Triglycerides ; Vital Capacity

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A Retrospective Study of the Relationship between Sleep Duration, Carbohydrate Intake and the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Korean, Based on the 2013–2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Young Hwan HAN ; Hyun Jin KIM ; Rae Ho CHUNG ; Won Suk BAEK

Korean Journal of Family Practice.2019;9(1):89-95. doi:10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.1.89

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is known to be related to various factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the risk of ASCVD and sleep duration or carbohydrate intake using the Pooled Cohort Risk Assessment equations, which estimate a patient's 10-year primary risk.METHODS: A total of 7,781 adults were selected from the 6th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with no missing data as the inclusion criteria for analysis. The 10-year estimated risk of ASCVD risk was calculated using the Pooled Cohort Risk Assessment Equations. The χ² test was used to analyze the difference in the rates of ASCVD high-risk groups due to sleep duration and carbohydrate intake. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to verify the effects of sleep duration and carbohydrate intake on ASCVD risk.RESULTS: Shorter sleep duration (≤5 hours) was 1.166-times more likely in the ASCVD high-risk group than was optimal sleep duration (6–8 hours) (odds ratio [OR], 1.166; P < 0.05). Excessive sleep duration (≥9 hours) was also 1.504-times more likely in the ASCVD high-risk group than was optimal sleep duration (OR, 1.504; P < 0.001). Excessive carbohydrate intake (>65%) was 1.185-times more likely in the ASCVD high-risk group than was recommended carbohydrate intake (55%–65%) (OR, 1.185; P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Inappropriate sleep duration and excessive carbohydrate intake increase the risk of ASCVD.
Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cohort Studies ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Nutrition Surveys ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Assessment

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Correlation between Serum Uric Acid and Bone Mineral Content in Healthy Women

Sung Moon CHO ; Deok Hyun SHIN ; Ji In JUNG ; Kyu Nam KIM ; Seon Yeong LEE ; Jong Woo KIM ; Jeong Ki PAEK

Korean Journal of Family Practice.2019;9(1):83-88. doi:10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.1.83

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density and skeletal microstructural abnormalities. We investigated the correlation between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and bone mineral content (BMC) values as a surrogate marker of bone health. Additionally, we assessed whether the correlation, if any, was evident even after classifying the study population into two groups based on a diagnosis of obesity in these individuals.METHODS: This study included 936 women who visited the healthcare centers that participated in this study. Fasting blood samples were obtained from all women to measure SUA, BMC of the lumbar spine was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We evaluated the correlation between SUA and BMC in obese and non-obese groups.RESULTS: SUA concentration and BMC were positively correlated (β=0.257, P=0.001); however, this correlation was significant only in the obese group (β=0.203, P=0.001).CONCLUSION: SUA concentration and BMC are positively correlated in women diagnosed obesity.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Biomarkers ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diagnosis ; Fasting ; Female ; Humans ; Obesity ; Osteoporosis ; Spine ; Uric Acid

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Association between Age at Natural Menopause with Diabetes and Prediabetes

Gee Youn SONG ; Hong Soo LEE ; Sang Wha LEE ; Kyung Won SHIM ; A Ri BYUN ; Sin Na LEE

Korean Journal of Family Practice.2019;9(1):75-82. doi:10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.1.75

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that fasting insulin and blood glucose levels are higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women and that insulin resistance was more serious in postmenopausal women. The effects of menopause on glucose metabolism have been well studied, but it is unclear whether age at menopause onset is associated with fasting blood sugar and HbA1c levels. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of menopause age on diabetes and prediabetes.METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2015). The participants were 2,156 naturally menopausal women, except diabetes, stroke, coronary artery disease and cancer patients. The study population was divided into four groups according to the age of natural menopause onset ( < 40, 40–44, 45–55, and ≥56 years). Diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes was based on the American Diabetes Association guideline. The association between menopause age and diabetes or prediabetes was analyzed by multiple logistic regression.RESULTS: Women reaching menopause at 40–44 years were 4.901 times more likely to have diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 4.901; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.353–17.756, P=0.016) than those who reached menopause at an age of ≥56 years. Women with menopause at age < 40 years were 2.839 times more likely to have diabetes or prediabetes (OR, 2.839; 95% CI, 1.012–7.968, P=0.047).CONCLUSION: Women with premature menopause (< 40 years) have high risk of developing diabetes or prediabetes, and women with a menopause age of 40–44 years have high risk of developing diabetes.
Blood Glucose ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Fasting ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Menopause ; Menopause, Premature ; Metabolism ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prediabetic State ; Retrospective Studies ; Stroke

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Relationship between the Breakfast and Student's Academic Achievement: Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, 2017

Do Hyun EUM ; Sung Jung CHO ; Byoung Duck HAN ; Seung Jin JUNG ; Ga Eun NAM ; Jung Hun KIM ; Tae Ryoon KIM ; Sang Woo LEE ; Soon Hong MIN ; Woo Hyun LEE ; Youn HUH

Korean Journal of Family Practice.2019;9(1):71-74. doi:10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.1.71

BACKGROUND: Eating breakfast is important for optimal growth and development in adolescence, and is associated with academic achievement as well as nutrition and health status. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between breakfast consumption frequency and high school students' academic achievement.METHODS: We used data from the 2017 Korea Youth's Risk Behavior Web-Based Study, conducted by the Korean Center for Disease Control (64,991 students). The relationship between academic achievement and breakfast consumption frequency was examined using logistic regression.RESULTS: Students who consumed breakfast frequently exhibited higher academic achievement as compared to their counterparts. There was a significant correlation between awareness of appropriate eating habits and breakfast consumption frequency. Further, students who had not received any education about eating habits exhibited low academic achievement.CONCLUSION: To improve the academic achievement of students, they should be motivated to eat breakfast every day. Additionally, appropriate education about eating habits need to be implemented at schools and at home to increase students' breakfast consumption frequency.
Adolescent ; Breakfast ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Eating ; Education ; Feeding Behavior ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Risk-Taking

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The Relationship between Serum C-Reactive Protein and the Coffee Consumption in the Korean Adult Men and Women

Yeon Jung KIM ; Keun Mi LEE ; Seung Pil JUNG

Korean Journal of Family Practice.2019;9(1):64-70. doi:10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.1.64

BACKGROUND: Coffee is a rich source of dietary antioxidants and is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. In recent times, substantial research has been published on its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect in addition to its effect as a stimulant. Chronic low-grade inflammation is known to affect the pathogenesis of diverse diseases such as cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is a good marker of chronic inflammation in the body. Therefore, we examined the relationship between coffee consumption and serum CRP.METHODS: Participants were 759 men and 1,003 women, aged 20–64 years, who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015. We categorized coffee consumption as follows: less than one cup a day, two to four cups a day, and five or more cups a day. Additionally, we classified women into pre- and post-menopausal women. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between coffee consumption and serum CRP.RESULTS: Coffee consumption showed no measurable relationship with serum CRP in men and in pre- and post-menopausal women. However, serum CRP increased progressively with increase in coffee consumption in men reported high-risk alcohol use (P=0.005).CONCLUSION: Except for high-risk male drinkers, there is no association between coffee consumption and serum CRP.
Adult ; Alcohols ; Antioxidants ; Beverages ; C-Reactive Protein ; Caffeine ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Coffee ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity

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Association between Glycated Hemoglobin A1c and Intraocular Pressure in Nondiabetic Subjects

Kyung O KANG ; Seong Heub JUN ; Kyung Suk SHIN ; Doo Yong SON ; Byung Wook YOO ; Sun Hee KIM ; Hyun JOE ; Sung Ho HONG ; Choo Yon CHO ; Hwang Sik SHIN ; Yong Jin CHO ; Jung Eun OH

Korean Journal of Family Practice.2019;9(1):59-63. doi:10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.1.59

BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients are known to have unusually high mean intraocular pressure (IOP); attributable to autonomic dysfunction and genetic factors. A recent study reported that diabetic complications occur in not only diabetes but also prediabetes. We performed this study to analyze the relationship between glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and IOP in non-diabetics using electronic medical records at the health screening center of Soon Chun Hyang University Seoul Hospital.METHODS: We considered 16,643 individuals who visited the health screening center of Soon Chun Hyang University Seoul Hospital between November 2015 and September 2017. In total, 3,029 subjects were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included a history of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular disease, hepatitis (A-C), cancer, other disease, fasting blood glucose of 126 mg/dL or higher, HbA1c of 6.5% or higher, and individuals whose binocular IOP could not be measured. We categorized subjects into two groups; those with HbA1c less than or equal to 5.6%, and those with HbA1c greater than 5.6% and less than 6.5%. The mean IOP of each group was compared by gender.RESULTS: After adjusting for factors affecting IOP, analysis of variance was performed to analyze the relationship between HbA1c and IOP. There was no statistically significant difference between the HbA1c groups in males. However, there was a significant difference in IOP between females in the the higher and lower HbA1c groups.CONCLUSION: There was a statistically significant relationship between mean IOP and HbA1c in females without diabetes. Further research is needed with prospective and extensive data collection.
Blood Glucose ; Data Collection ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Electronic Health Records ; Fasting ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intraocular Pressure ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Myocardial Infarction ; Prediabetic State ; Prospective Studies ; Seoul ; Telescopes

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Comparison of Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in One-Person Households and Multi-Person Households

Kyung Moo LEE ; Kwang Won LEE ; Yu Seok HWANG ; Tae Ho KANG ; Yun Soo PARK ; Jae Min JEONG

Korean Journal of Family Practice.2019;9(1):51-58. doi:10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.1.51

BACKGROUND: Recently, the number of one-person households has increased, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has risen in Korea. Major complications of diabetes, such as stroke and myocardial infarction are major causes of death. Therefore, we conducted this study to test the hypothesis that the risk factors and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus differ between one-person and multi-person households.METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed data of 3,691 adults over 19 years old from the 7th (2016) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data were analyzed by composite sampling for age, family history, waist circumference, body mass index, hypertension, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and consumption of breakfast. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed by household-type in order to estimate the relative risk of factors associated with diabetes.RESULTS: Hypertension was a significant risk factor for diabetes in both groups. Among other diabetic risk factors, individuals in one-person households were more likely to skip breakfast and less likely to engage in physical activity than those in multi-person households.CONCLUSION: One-person households have a high risk of hypertension, skipping breakfast, and poor physical activity. It is important to consider the role of one-person households when studying the management and treatment of disease.
Adult ; Alcohol Drinking ; Body Mass Index ; Breakfast ; Cause of Death ; Cholesterol ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea ; Lipoproteins ; Logistic Models ; Motor Activity ; Myocardial Infarction ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stroke ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference

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The Association between Hand Grip Strength and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: The 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Minkyoung CHO ; Hyun Jeong KIM ; Hyeon Young KO ; Jung Kwon LEE

Korean Journal of Family Practice.2019;9(1):44-50. doi:10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.1.44

BACKGROUND: The measurement of grip strength is a simple and inexpensive method to assess all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, as well as the risk of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the association between handgrip strength and the risk of cardiovascular disease in a nationally representative sample.METHODS: Using the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016, we analyzed data obtained from 3,266 adults aged 40–79 years, without cardiovascular disease at their baseline examination (1,421 men and 1,845 women). Relative handgrip strength was used for analysis and was calculated as the sum of the maximal absolute handgrip strength of both hands divided by the body mass index. We performed multivariate linear regression analysis to assess the association between handgrip strength and the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease. The 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease was calculated using the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Pooled Cohort atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Risk Estimator.RESULTS: Multivariate linear regression analysis showed a significant association between handgrip strength and the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (%). After adjusting for confounders, an inverse association was observed between handgrip strength and the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in adults of both sexes (men: −1.29, women: −0.58).CONCLUSION: This study investigated the association between relative handgrip strength and the risk of ASCVD using ACC/AHA guidelines. We observed that increased relative handgrip strength may be associated with a better cardiovascular disease risk profile and lower 10-year cardiovascular risk among Korean adults aged 40–79 years.
Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Hand Strength ; Hand ; Heart ; Humans ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Male ; Methods ; Mortality ; Nutrition Surveys ; Risk Assessment

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Association of Subclinical Hypothyroidism with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Coronary Artery Calcium Score

Sung Kyoung CHO ; Hyun Min KOH ; Jin Sook MOON

Korean Journal of Family Practice.2019;9(1):36-43. doi:10.21215/kjfp.2019.9.1.36

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the association between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and coronary artery calcification (CAC). This study investigated this association in patients who visited a health promotion center.METHODS: This study included patients who visited the Health Promotion Center at a University Hospital between January 2014 and December 2015. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level, free thyroxine level, and the CAC score (CACS) were measured in all patients. Patients were classified into euthyroid and SCH groups. An independent t-test and chi-squared test were performed to analyze the general characteristics. Patients were further classified into three groups based on serum TSH levels (serum TSH level < 4.0, 4.0–10, and >10 µIU/mL), and the one-way analysis of variance test was performed to assess the clinical differences among three groups. Partial correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the correlation between serum TSH levels and cardiovascular risk factors. Patients with CACS=0 were classified into the non-calcification group, and those with CACS >0 were classified into the calcification group. The odds ratios of SCH to CAC were analyzed using logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: Serum TSH levels were significantly associated with body mass index, waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. The risk of obesity, diabetes, and high triglyceride levels (>150 mg/dL) was significantly higher in the SCH group. Moreover, the SCH group with TSH levels >10 µIU/mL showed a significant risk of CAC (odds ratio, 3.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–9.21).CONCLUSION: SCH with TSH levels >10 µIU/mL is independently associated with the CACS.
Atherosclerosis ; Body Mass Index ; Calcium ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Coronary Vessels ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; Lipoproteins ; Logistic Models ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference

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