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Effects of escitalopram on the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and apoptosis related factors in hippocampus of depression model rats

Gege YU ; Yiming WANG

Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science.2013;22(8):688-691. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2013.08.005

Objective To explore the effects and mechanisms of escitalopram on the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF) in hippocampus of depression model rats.Methods 40 male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group(group A),control + escitalopram group (group B),depressive group (group C),and depressive + escitalopram group (group D).Chronic mild unpredicted stress (CUMS)with solitary condition was taken to establish rat depression model.And the group B and D were treated with intragastric admistration of escitalopram(10 mg · kg-1 · d-1),the group A and C with sodium chloride.The open-field test and sucrose consumption were used to evaluate the depression behaviors of rats.The apoptotic hippocampal cells were detected by TUNEL.And the expression of GDNF,Bax,Bcl-2 and Caspase3 mRNA were detected by real-time RT-PCR.Results ① Compared with group A(12.0 ± 1.83),the number of apoptotic cells in hippocampus was significantly increased in group C (19.3 ± 1.77) (P ＜ 0.01),while group B (11.9 ± 1.91) was no significant difference (P＞ 0.05).Compared with group C,the group D(12.7 ± 1.77) had a significant reduction in the number of apoptotic cells (P ＜ 0.01).②Compared with group A,GDNF and Bcl-2 mRNA expression was decreased (P ＜ 0.01),but Bax and Caspase3 mRNA expression was both increased significantly in group C(P＜0.01) ;while in group D,GDNF and Bcl-2 mRNA expression was higher (P ＜0.01),but Bax and Caspase3 mRNA expression was lower than that in group C (P ＜0.01).Conclusion Escitalopram can improve depressive behaviors and reduce hippocampal apoptosis,which maybe associate with increasing GDNF protein and mRNA expression,and promoting the regeneration of neurons,up-regulating of mRNA Bcl-2 expression,and down-regulating of mRNA Bax and Caspase3 expression.Finally it may prevent the neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal and play the role of cerebral protection.

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The validation of atypical depression among Chinese outpatients with depressive episodes in general hospital

Zhaoyu GAN ; Zhiyong ZHONG ; Jihui WANG ; Hongying HAN

Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science.2013;22(9):820-823. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2013.09.016

Objective to evaluate the validation of atypical depression among Chinese outpatients with depressive episodes and explore the role of atypical depressive symptoms in distinguishing bipolar depression from unipolar depression.Methods Structural clinical interviews with self-compiled questionnaires were performed on 276 outpatients with current depressive episode,then comparison of clinical characteristics including age of onset,gender proportion,seasonality,comorbidity of anxiety disorder,bipolar property,psychotic features,number of depressive episodes,and maximum duration of depressive episode were conducted between atypical (defined by DSM-Ⅳ-TR) and nonatypical depression.then the rate of atypical depressive symptoms were compared between unipolar depression and bipolar depression.Results The proportion of atypical depression among all the participants was 23.9％.Compared to nonatypical depression,psychotic features were more likely seen in atypical depression (20.0％ vs 9.1％,P＜0.05),but no difference was found in other clinical features between atypical and nonatypical depression.Except mood reactivity,atypical symptoms including oversleeping(45.5％ vs 26.0％),overeating (22.7％ vs 15.4％),weight gain(24.1％ vs 14.6％),leaden paralysis (56.6％ vs 47.2％),interpersonal rejection sensitivity(66.7％ vs 34.2％) were more likely to occur in bipolar depression than in unipolar depression,the difference was statistically significant for oversleeping and interpersonal rejection sensitivity (P ＜ 0.05).Patients with mood reactivity differed little from those without mood reactivity in other clinical features.No association was found between mood reactivity,leaden paralysis and other criteria symptoms of atypical depression.Conclusion-Atypical depression might be a useful concept,but its diagnostic criteria needs further validation among Chinese population.

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A research on a preference of emotional memory in different cognitive style of undergraduates

Yuying TONG ; Nianxiang XIE ; Qiuling WANG

Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science.2013;22(9):838-840. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2013.09.021

Objective To explore the preference of emotional memory in different cognitive style of undergraduates.Methods A 2 cognitive style (field independent style / field dependent style) * 3 facial expressions (positive/neutral/negative faces) mixed designs were adopted to compare the reaction time,which in the condition of stimuli presentation time 500 ms in field independent and dependent participants (n =25,respectively).E-Prime program was used to present the stimulus and to record the reaction time and accuracy to stimuli of all subjects.Repeated Measurement ANOVA was used in the research,facial expressions (positive/neutral/negative faces) as the within group factor,and groups (stress/non stress) as between group factor.Both the main effect of each variable and the interaction effect of variables were tested.Results There were a significant difference of response time and accuracy between the field independent and field dependent college students.It was shown by repeated measurement A NOVA that the main effect(F(2,47) =4.321,P＜ 0.05)in facial expressions properties and the interaction effect(F(2.47) =3.299,P＜ 0.05)between groups and facial expressions properties were found.Further analysis showed that the reaction time to detect stimulus of positive((610.71 ± 11.26)ms)and neutral ((606.24 ± 18.27) ms) facial expression was shorter than negative ((653.17 ± 20.91) ms) faces for field independent participants (P＜0.05).Interestingly,for field dependent group,the neutral faces ((675.67 ± 21.01) ms)were faster than others (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Field independent students had significant advantages over field dependent students in emotional memory.

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Effect of electromagnetic radiation on the expression of calmodulin kinase Ⅱ and cAMP responsive element binding protein in primary culture hippocampal neurons of rats

Changhua SHI ; Yuhong LI ; Yatao HU ; Qian XU

Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science.2013;22(10):880-882. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2013.10.005

Objective To investigate the changes of calmodulin kinase Ⅱ (CaMK Ⅱ) and cAMP responsive element binding protein(CREB) expressing in primary cultured hippocampal neurons and its relationship with learning and memory deficit after 2000 μW/cm2 electromagnetic radiation.Methods Primary cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro were randomly divided into normal control group,sham-radiated group,and 1 h/d,2 h/d,3 h/dradiation groups.The neurons in the radiation groups were received microwave exposure of 2000 μW/cm2.The change of CaMK Ⅱ and CREB protein in hippocampal neurons of each group of rats were measured with western blot,and the expression of CaMK Ⅱ and CREB mRNA in hippocampus were determined by RT-PCR.Results Compared with control group((0.78 ± 0.07),(0.62 ± 0.12)),the expression of CaMK Ⅱ protein (1 h/d(0.59 ±0.05),2h/d(0.44 ±0.08),3h/d(0.18 ±0.04)) and its mRNA(1h/d(0.41 ±0.08),2h/d(0.34 ±0.04),3h/d(0.24 ±0.02)) was obviously decreased (P＜0.05).Compared with control group((0.69 ±0.10),(0.80 ±0.12)),the expression of CREB protein(1h/d(0.49 ±0.05),2h/d(0.4 ±0.04),3h/d(0.17 ±0.03))and its mRNA (1 h/d (0.68 ± 0.11),2h/d (0.53 ± 0.08),3h/d (0.30 ± 0.03)) was obviously decreased after radiation(P＜0.05).Conclusion Electromagnetic radiation of 2000 μW/cm2 exposure could weaken the learning and memory abilities of rats and the decreases in the expression of CaMK Ⅱ and CREB protein and their mRNA in hippocampus may be involved in the pathophysiological process of learning and memory deficit.

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Relationships between aggressive behavior and attachment for adult prisoners

Yanhong LUO ; Manlin LI ; Xin TANG ; Shuyuan ZHAO

Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science.2013;22(10):935-937. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2013.10.023

Objective To explore the relationship between aggressive behavior and attachment styles for adult prisoners.Methods A sample of 413 criminals filled out measures for Aggression Questionnaire and Adult Attachment Scale.Results There existed significant differences of anxiety,anger,hostility,physical attacks and the total score of AQ among different criminals type (F =2.80,5.80,5.15,16.82,10.69,P ＜ 0.001 or P ＜ 0.05).And there existed significant differences of anxiety,anger,hostility,physical attacks,verbal attacks and the total score of AQ among different adult attachment style (F =18.14,34,17,7,83,22,75,P ＜ 0.01).The close dimension of AAS was significantly negatively related with anger,hostility,physical attacks and the total score of AQ (r =-0.15--0.20,P ＜ 0.01).And the anxiety dimension of AAS was significantly positively related with anger,hostility,physical attacks,verbal attacks and the total score of AQ(r =0.30-0.52,P ＜ 0.01).Regression analysis found that anxiety dimension and close dimension of AAS were fairly effective variables in the prediction of the criminal attacks.Conclusion There are close relationships between aggressive behavior and adult attachment for criminals.The anxiety dimension and close dimension make a certain prediction to the criminal attacks.

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Control study on life style on college students from urban and rural

Yang YANG ; Xiaoqing ZHENG ; Cuiping ZHOU ; Min MU

Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science.2013;22(10):938-941. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2013.10.024

Objective To explore the differences of the life styles and their influencing factors among students who came from city,countryside or migrant families.Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was conducted to recruit 1980 college students from 4 colleges of Huainan,Anhui.Results The study showed that under the ternary social structure college students from city preferred to the higher degree of T1,T2 or T3 dietary patterns,of which the OR (95％ CI) were 0.432 (0.255-0.730),0.140 (0.073-0.267) and 0.402 (0.236-0.683),respectively.They chose to exercise in middle-intensity physical activity for 30 minutes,of which OR (95％CI) was 0.524(0.352-0.779).Also there were much more drinkers in this group,of which the OR (95％ CI) was 0.564(0.325-0.981).Secondly,college students from migrant families in city preferred to T2 and T4 dietary pattern in low degree,of which OR (95％ CI) were 1.714(1.165-2.519) and 1.592(1.100-2.305),respectively.And they exercise 5 times or less per week in middle-intensity physical activity and the OR (95％ CI) was 0.699(0.535-0.912).Thirdly,college students from countryside preferred to T1,T2 and T3 dietary pattern in low degree and the OR (95％ CI) were 1.548 (1.083-2.213),1.498 (1.048-2.141) and 1.740(1.216-2.491),respectively.However,they preferred T4 dietary pattern in high degree rather than in low degree,in which the OR (95％ CI) was 0.624(0.436-0.893).They exercise more than 5 times and more than 30 minutes per time in middle-intensity physical activity,of which OR (95 ％ CI) were 1.314 (1.022-1.688) and 1.472 (1.071-2.022).Conclusion College students from three groups lived in different life styles and much more attention should be paid to them.

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Effect of streptozotocin on learning memory and JNK signaling pathway in APP/PS1 transgenic mice

Wang XU ; Yu SONG ; Wang YUE

Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science.2013;22(8):677-679. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2013.08.002

Objective To investigate the effect of streptozotocin (STZ) on learning,memory and expression of p-MKK4,p-JNK and p-Jun in APP transgenic mice.Methods Three-month-old APP/PS1 mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ.Learning and memory function was performed by Morris water maze.The changes of neuronal morphology in hippocampum were observed by Nissl staining.The expression of MKK4,JNK and c-Jun were detected in hippocampal tissues by Western blotting.Results In the hidden platform experiment of Morris maze,the escape latencies and the pathway length of STZ-induced diabetic mice were longer than those in controls from the 2nd to 5th day(P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).The Nissl staining showed that some neurons in hippocampum of STZ-treated mice were displayed changes of injury.Compared with the vehicle control,the expression levels of pJNK and p-c-Jun were increased by 217.78 ± 23.49 and 189.27 ± 17.80,respectively (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion STZ can decrease the learning and memory function and injury the neurons,which maybe relate to the JNK signal pathway.

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Effects of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on memory acquisition and retrieval in one-trial passive avoidance in mice

Yinghan ZHUANG ; Behnisch THOMAS

Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science.2013;22(8):684-687. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2013.08.004

Objective To investigate the effects of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on memory acquisition and memory retrieval in one-trail passive avoidance for mice.Methods MG132 (25 mg/kg) was administrated at different time points to analyze the time-dependent effects of MG132 on hippocampus proteasome activity.MG132 (25 mg/kg) was administrated 3 hours before-training or 1.5 hours pre-test to investigate the effect on memory acquisition and retrieval.The interaction of low dose (12 mg/kg) of MG132 and novelty interference on memory retrieval to studied.Results Hippocampus proteasome activity was significantly blocked when MG132 (25 mg/kg) was administrated 0.5-1.5 hours before analysis.The inhibition recovered as time passing and backed to normal state 24 hours later.A significant difference was showed between vehicle and pre-training,pre-test group (pre-training vehicle (296.03 ± 3.97) s,pre-training (173.30 ± 47.51) s ; pre-test vehicle (199.23 ± 43.01) s,pre-test (44.10 ± 11.16) s).Proteasome inhibitor did not produce a significant effect on memory retrieval (vehicle (174.19 ± 30.54)s,lower dose (174.19± 30.54)s),then only together with a novelty task the retrieval was significantly altered(vehicle (164.02 ±35.26)s,MG132 +novelty group (84.70 ±23.92)s).Conclusion Proteasome inhibitor MG132 can inhibit memory acquisition and memory retrieval.Thereby the effect on memory retrieval is enhanced by novelty.Thus,a physiological proteasome activity is essential for learning abilities.

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The changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor positive neurons and the morphology of pyramidal cells in hippocampal in sodium valproate induced autism rats

Mingji YI ; Xiaoxu MA ; Yin LI

Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science.2013;22(8):704-706. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2013.08.009

Objective To explore the pathogenesis of autism by observation of changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) positive neurons and the morphology of pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region,and provide theoretical evidence for the therapeutic schedule.Methods Animal model of autism was obtained by Schneider method.Using the immunohistochemistry methods and image analysis,the number of BDNF positive neurons was examined in hippocampal CA1 region of the autism model rats and the normal rats,and the changes of pyramidal cell were observed in hippocampal CA1 region after HE staining.Results The numbers of BDNF positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region of the autism model rats were more than those of the normal rats (5.00 ±1.60 vs 3.00 ± 1.04,t =3.63,P =0.0015).The morphology of pyramidal cells showed that the pyramidal cells of the autism model rats in hippocampal CA1 region had apoptosis.Conclusion The occurrence of autism may be related to the changes of BDNF and the morphology of pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region.

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Correlation of personality traits of dependency, self-criticism and childhood abuse in patients with major depression

Xiangying YANG

Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medicine and Brain Science.2013;22(8):719-721. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2013.08.014

Objective To explore the correlation of personality traits of dependence,self-criticism and childhood abuse in patients with major depression.Methods As a case-control study,80 patients with major depression and 80 normal controls took apart in this study.They were separately evaluated by Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD),depressive experiences questionnaire (DEQ) and child abuse questionnaire (CTQ).Results Each factor scores of dependency (90.77 ± 14.54) and self-criticism (68.00 ± 15.02) in patients with major depression were significantly higher than that in normal control group (77.96 ± 11.81,50.02 ± 10.38,P＜0.05).Dependence was significantly positive correlated with physical abuse,emotional neglect and physical neglect (P ＜0.05); and self-criticism were significantly positive correlated with emotional abuse,physical abuse,emotional neglect and physical neglect (P＜ 0.05).Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that dependence,selfcriticism could directly predict depressive symptoms respectively (β =0.283,P ＜ 0.05),(β =0.284,P ＜ 0.05),and emotional abuse could affect depressive symptoms by intermediation of dependency and self-criticism.Conclusion Emotional abuse can impact on depressive symptoms indirectly by dependent and self-criticism personality traits which suggest personality traits of dependency and self-criticism probably play an intermediate effect role between childhood abuse and major depression.

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