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ORlGINS OF NEUROPEPTIDE Y-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVE FIBERS IN THE LATERAL AND BASOLATERAL AMYGDALOID NUCLEI OF THE RAT

Gaoge SUN ; Yamano MARIKO ; Tohyama MASAYA ; Qunyuan XU

Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy.2000;16(4):347-352,58.

The origin of neuropeptide Y(NPY)-like immunoreactive(IR)fibers in the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei was examined by using indirect immunofluorescence and retrograde tracing method in the rat.1njection of a retrograde tracer.fluorogold(FG),into the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei,labeled many neurons in the ipsilateral anterior amygdaloid area,and simultaneous treatment with antiserum against NPY stained some of these neurons.Destruction of the anterior amygdaloid area caused an ipsilateral decrease of NPY-IR fibers in the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei.These findings indicate that NPY-IR neurons in the anterior amygdaloid area project ipsilaterally to the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei.In addition,the present study also shows that NPY-IR neurons located in the lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei are intrinsic to the amygdaloid complex,since after destruction of the anterior amygdaloid area,some of NPY-IR fibers still can be found in lateral and baso lateral nuclei,and transection of the two major amygdalofugal system,stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathway,failed to cause the accumulation of NPY-like immunoreactivity in the axons proximal to the section.

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THE EFFECTS OF HYPERTHERMIA ON THE NEUROEPITHELIAL CELLS IN PRIMARY CULTURE

Yingjun GUAN ; Yingmao GAO ; Zhaodong JUAN ; Shouxun WANG ; Rujiang LI

Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy.2000;16(4):-.

The animal experiment studies have demonstrated that hyperthermia is a strong teratogen to many kinds of animal with high incidence of neural tube defects(NTD).Epidermiological investigation showed that hyperthermia was closely related to the acencephaly and excenphaly in human being,but little was known about the distinct mechanism of NTD induced by hyperthermia.In order to study the developmental mechanism of NTD induced by hyperthermia,we observed the effects of hyperthermia on the neuroepithelial cells in primary culture.The neural tubes of the hamster embryos on 10 d after fertilization were obtained.the neuroepithelia were dissociated and then seeded at the density of 1×106 cells per well.The cells were divided into experimental and control groups randomly.The experimental groups were exposed to 42 C for 20 min,whereas groups exposed to 37 Cserved as control.After treatment of hyperthermia,the cells were incubated continuously at 37 C in a 95%air/5%CO2 humidified incubator,the culture was terminated after different intervals.Phase-contrast microscopy.scanning electron microscopy.transmission electron microscopy,MTT assay,agarose gel electrophoresis analysis,TUNEL detection,immunocytochemistryand image analysis were made.The results of the experimental groups indicated that the floating cells and apoptotic cells increased in number,the neurites of the cells were shortened even disappeared,the survival cells decreased in number,the ultrastructure of the cells demonstrated distinct abnormal changes,the function of mitochondria was impaired,the expressions of both bcl-2 and bax were abnormal.The above results suggest that hyperthermia may induce apoptosis of neuroepithelial cells,duringwhich bcl-2 and bax genes may play important regulatory roles.

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COEXISTENCE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN AND SECRETOGRANIN ⅡIN THE RAT PITUITARY GLAND AFTER BRAIN INJURY

Chunmei WANG ; Xiaofeng HUANG ; Jiaji YANG ; Mei HUANG ; Xiangdang LI ; Dan CHEN

Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy.2000;16(4):337-340,55.

The localization of adrenocorticotropin(ACTH),secretogranin Ⅱ in rat pituitary gland Was studied by using specific antisera in conjunction with double immunofluorescence staining techniques.Stainings with secretogranin Ⅱ serum showed intense cytoplasmic reaction in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.Double immunofluorescence staining was used to identify the cells that expressed secretogranin Ⅱ and ACTH.Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that ACTH existed simultaneouslywith secretogranin Ⅱ in quite a number of cells.The results indicate that secretogranin Ⅱ is expressed in corticotrophs of rat pituitary gland,its physiological role may be associated with the regulation of optimal pH in the secretory vesicles for the cleavage of ACTH from its precursor.

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Junru YAO ; Lu GAO ; Jianfeng YU ; Jixia CHAI ; Yuehua WANG ; Lixiang MA ; Zulin CHEN ; Ruixi LI ; Yuwen PENG

Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy.2008;24(1):1-7.

It has been known that the Alzheimer's disease(AD)is related closely with a synaptic failure,and the p21-activated kinase(PAK)is well documented to play an important role in the regulation of the synaptie functions.However,the relationship between thePAK and the pathology of AD is unclear.In the present study,we examined the expressions of the PAK3(one subtype ofPAK),phospho-rylated-PAK(pPAK) and β-amyloid42(Aβ42,β-amyloid with 42 peptides)in an APP/PS1 double transgenie mouse model of AD andthe morphologies of geurOtlS in the hippocampus at different ages.The Western Blot results showed that the expression of PAK remainedunchanged,while,the expression of pPAK decreased largely at the age of 32 weeks and further decreased significantly with aging in thehippocampus of the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse.A1342 levels in the hippocampus were detected to increase as early as the age of 22 weeks,and kept the increase to continue with aging.The morphological results showed no obvious neuron loss in the sections of Nissl staining,while serious distonion and disorder of the dendrites of the hippocampal neurons were observed on the sections of Gelgi staining in theAPP/PS1 transgenic mouse.The present results suggested that it seemed something wrong in the processes of phospholization of PAK,butnot in the expression of the PAK itself;the toxic Aβ42 might affect the PAK in its phospholization,which in turn directly influence thedendritic development in the hippocampal neurons and cause the dendrites distorting and disordering.

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HIV3B AND HIV Ada-M CAN INFECT CULTURED HUMAN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION NEURONS

Huaxiang LIU ; Zhen LIU ; Nath AVINDRA ; Zhenzhong LI

Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy.2007;23(5):536-541.

To investigate whether HIV3B and HIV Ada-M can infect cultured human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, organotypic and dissociated human fetal DRG cell culture models were established. On the 14th day, organotypic cultured DRG explants were exposed to HIV3B or HIV Ada-M for another 14 days. Outgrowth and morphology of neurites were observed with phase contrast microscope at different time of cultured age. On the 3rd day, dissociated cultured DRG cells were exposed to HIV3B or HIV Ada-M for another 3 days. After that, dissociated DRG cells were processed for microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) labeling and observed with fluorescent microscopy. DRG explants on the 28th day and dissociated DRG cells on the 6th day, the samples were processed for electronic microscopic observation. Both organotypic and dissociated DRG cultures were cultured continuously in culture media as controls. Immature HIV-like particles were found in organotypic cultured DRG neurons. Many HIV-like particles were found in dissociated cultured DRG neurons. HIV infection could not cause morphological and ultrastruc( )l alterations on both organotypic and dissociated cultured DRG neurons. These discoveries will be valuable for studies on pathogenic (mee)hanisms of HIV infection and/or HIV associated peripheral neuropathies.

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IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY FOR Trk RECEPTORS IN RAT SCARPA'S GANGLION

Yu CHEN ; Yulin DONG ; Tao LIU ; Fuxing ZHANG ; Jinlian LI ; Yunqing LI

Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy.2007;23(5):462-466.

With the aim to examine the distribution of high-affinity neurotrophin receptors (tyrosine kinase receptors, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC)in the rat Scapa's ganglion ( vestibular ganglion, VG), Avidin-Biotin-peroxidase Complex ( ABC ) method of immunohistochemistry with diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen to identify the immunoreactivities was employed in the present study. The results showed that many VG neurons were immunoreactive to each Trk isoform. The receptors were localized in the neuronal somata. The intensity of immunoreactivity for each Trk receptor was different among neurons, ranging from weak, moderate to intense. For each individual Trk receptors, the labelled neurons were of different size; the result sfatistical of analysis showed that the mean areas for neurons immunoreative to TrkA, B and C were 330.8 ± 7.6, 303.89 ± 10.6 and 355.05 ± 8.3 μm2 , respectively. The present study provids morphological substrate for the important roles played by Trk receptors in maintaining the survival and stabilizing the phenotype of VG neurons.

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NEUROANATOMY AND SEROTONIN IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE BRAIN AND SUBOESOPHAGEAL GANGLION OF THREE BEETLES

Xihan HU ; Ximei TIAN ; Yutang QU ; Zhifu ZHAO ; Tianyi LIU ; Chuantao SONG ; Xuexiang BAO

Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy.2007;23(5):451-461.

The structure and 5-HT immunoreactivity in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of three beetles, Ambrostoma quadriimpressum, Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata and Oxycetonia jucunda, were first studied by means of colophony-paraffin embedding serial section technique and strepteavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemical method. The results showed that the brains of these three taxonomically closely related beetles were remarkably different in composition and size. Mushroom bodies and antennal lobes in Oxycetonia jucunda were conspicuous. Calyces and lobes of the mushroom bodies.were much developed. In contrast, calyces of Ambrostoma quadriimpressum and Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata were extremely undeveloped. However, the postretinal fibres and circumpharyngeal nerves of Ambrostoma quadriimpressum were highly developed. In the three beetles, 5-HT immunoreactivity was present in all neuropils of the brain and the suboesophageal ganglion. The pattern of 5-HT immunoreactivity and the localization of immunoreactive somata which often clustered into groups were similar among these beetles, while the immunoreactivity intensity was distinct, especially in the lamina. The results suggest that the three beetles have given rise to adaptive radiation under the evolutionary pressure because of the long-term different life styles and living environments in which the taxonomic status of Ambrostoma quadriimpressum is relatively low. The similarity of the pattern of 5-HT immunoreactivity and localization of some positive somata among the three beetles raise the possibility that 5-HT seemes to serve similar physiological function in different insects. Furthermore, 5-HT might be involved in modulating the ingestion by regulating muscular activity and visual sensitivity.

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Different types of coexpression of BDNF,NGF and NT-3 mRNA and proteins in the left sixth lumbar dorsal root ganglion of cats

Jintao LI ; Qi YAN ; Tinghua WANG ; Liyan LI ; Zhongtang FENG

Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy.2008;24(1):93-96.

The present study investigated different types of eoexpression of brain derived neumtmphic factor(BDNF),nerve growth factor(NGF)and neutmphin-3(NT-3)mRNA and/or proteins in the left sixth lumbar dorsal root ganglion(DRG)of cats and discuss themechanism of coexpression in order to provide foundation for elucidating the relationship between the expression of neurotrophic factors andspinal cord plasticity.The eats used in this study were normal animals without any interventional treatment.They were subjected to renloveof the left L6 DRG and their DRG were processed for immunohistechemistry and in situ hybridization double staining to observe whetherthere are coexpression of mRNA and proteins of BDNF,NGF and NT-3.The results showed that the pmteios and mRNA of BDNF,NGFand NT-3 were all expressed in the DRG of cats,but the types of coexpression of mRNA and proteins were different and diverse amongthese three neumtrophic factors.The results of immunohiatochemistry showed that BDNF immunoreactivities were mainly observed in thecytoplasm and nucleus,and the staining of nucleus was weaker than that of cytoplasm;NGF immunoreactivities were mainly observed innucleus while NT-3 mainly in cytoplasm.The results of in situ hybridization showed that BDNF and NGF positive signals mostly distributedin the cytoplasm,NT-3 positive signals were observed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus.Our results suggest that the proteins and mRNAof BDNF,NGF and NT-3 have different types of coexpression which indicate they may have autocrine and/or paracrine mechanism contrib-uting to the plasticity of spinal cord in the left L6 DRG of cats.

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Role of spinal microglial responses in peripheral nerve regeneration in rats

Aiping LI ; Hui ZHAO ; Shuhong Lü ; Zhe YU ; Jian ZHANG ; Zhi ZHAO

Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy.2008;24(1):31-36.

To explore the relationship of mieroglia activation,motoneuronal loss in the ventral horn of spinal cord and sciatic nerve regen-eration after the sciatic nerve injury,Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared a modal of the fight sciatic nerve crash injury.The immunoreactiv-ity(-ir)ofmicroglia and number of the motoneurons inthe ventral horn of spinal cord were detected at 3 and7 days,light and electron mi-croscopic detection of sciatic nerve degeneration and regeneration were performed at 4 weeks after the nerve injury.The results showed:(1)At 3 days after the sciatic nerve injury,OX-42-irinthe ventral horn of spinal cord begantoincrease significantly(P<0.05);(2)The number ratio of motoneurons in ventral horn of spinal cord in ipsilateral to contralateral for injury decreased markedly(P<0.05),in-dicating the numbers of ipsilateral motoneuroanl survival decreased;(3)Histological assessment showed the poor regeneration of the in-jured nerves;(4)Simvastatin(an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis,having potential immunomodulatory capacities)facilitated the mi-eroglial activation.the motoneuronal survival and sciatic nerve regeneration were better than non-simvastatin-treated vehicle rats.The pres-ent results suggest that mieroglia activation in the ventral horns ofthe spinal cord may play an important protective role in the nerve regener-ation after peripheral nerve injury of the rat.

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Morphological alterations induced by didanosine in cultured dorsal root ganglion nrurons

Huaxiang LIU ; Zhen LIU ; Xiangdong YANG ; Lihong WANG ; Zhenzhong LI

Chinese Journal of Neuroanatomy.2008;24(1):8-12.

To investigate the effects of didannsine(ddI)on the morphological alterations of dorsal root ganglion(DRG)neurons,dissoci-ated DRG cells from rat embryo were studied.DRG cells were cultured for 3 days and then treated with ddI for additional 3 claysin differ-ent concentrations(1μg/ml,5 μg/ml,10μg/ml and 20 μg/ml,respectively).Afarthat,DRG cells were processedformicrotubule as-soeiated protein 2(MAP2)labeling and observed under confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM).The results showed that both thenumber and length of neurites of the DRG cells after exposed to ddl significantly down-regulated in a dose-dependentmanner compared withcontrol group,thus suggesting that ddI may have inhibitory effects on neufite regeneration and outgrowth in dissociated DRG cultures.

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