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Existing Problems and Managing Countermeasures of Disinfection and Sterilization in Hospitals

Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology.2001;11(1):1-3.

OBJECTIVE To probe into the managing countermeasures according to the existing problems of disinfection and sterilization(DS).METHODS The data come from National investigation of nosocomial infection(NI) organized by Department of Medical Administration,Ministry of Public Health at 18 hospitals in 6 Provinces and from survey of NI at hospitals in Beijing.RESULTS There are general problems of DS in hospitals.Such as the managers of hospital don′t pay attention to DS,the users are short of knowledge and their thoughts are outdated,selection of methods is not suitable,applying of disinfectant isn′t reasonable,articles of DS are polluted again and surveillance of DS is not standard, etc.CONCLUSIONS The work of DS is still poor and must be strengthened for preventing and controlling NI.

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Study of Risk Factors of Nosocomial Infection in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Xu ZHANG ; Ji LI

Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology.2001;11(1):4-6.

OBJECTIVE In order to explore and control the risk factors of nosocomial infection in intracerebral hemorrhage.METHODS To study prospectively in 837 hospitalized patients with intracerebral hemorrhage in our hospital from Jan.1997 to June 1999. RESULTS It was showed 215 cases of the nosocomial infection were found among 837 cases with the intracerebral hemorrhage(25.8%).Among them,nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection was the highest(39.1%),the second one was the urinary tract(27.8%).Nosocomial infection was closely related with such factors as the aging,location and volume of intracerebral hematoma,disturbance of consciousness, smoking,blood sugar,invasive operation,antibiotic prophylaxis,bed-days.Whereas serum cholesterol was a protective factor.CONCLUSIONS Nosocomial infection was still a high frequent complication in intracerebral hemorrhage and it should be paid attention.This is the most important step to control nosocomial infection of intracerebral hemorrhage in the hospital.

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Clinical Study of Nosocomial Fungemia in Critical Ill Patients

Min YU ; Kanglong YU ; Zhaofen LIN ; Bingwen JING

Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology.2001;11(1):7-9.

OBJECTIVE To study the clinical characteristics,prevention and treatment of nosocomial fungemia.METHODS Fifty four consecutive patients with nosocomial fungemia were studied in clinical retrospective manner.RESULTS Sixty fungal strains were isolated from blood.Candida was the predominant pathogenic organism(86.7%),6 cases had mixed infection causing by two fungal species(11.1%).Twenty two cases had concomitant bacteremia(40.7%).Overall mortality rate was 68.5%,directly related mortality rate in treatment group was significantly lower than that in nontreatment one(28.9% vs.88.9%,χ2=11.268，P＜0.01).Effective rate of amphotericin B was 68.8%,fluconazole 70.8%,combined treatment 80.0%.CONCLUSIONS Fungal infection has become prominently fatal cause of critically ill patients.Removing predisposing factors,monitoring fungal pathogen and effective antifungal therapy are important measures to reduce the incidence and mortality of fungal infection.Fluconazole and amphotericin B are effective drugs of treating deep fungal infection.

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Clinical Research on Infectious Complications after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Quanshun WANG ; Bolong ZHANG ; Fangding LOU ; Qi ZHOU ; Li YU ; Haichuan LIU ; Shanqian YAO

Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology.2001;11(1):10-12.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate retrospectively the incidence and treatment of infectious complications within the first 60 days after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,and to find more efficient anti-infective regimens. METHODS To study the incidence,pathogenic microorganism,prophylaxis,treatments of infectious complications in 150 patients accepted hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from April 1984 to March 1998 in our hospital.The results were analyzed statistically.RESULTS Incidence of infectious complications was 89.3% in all 150 cases.Three patients(2%) died of the fungal infection.The incidence of the infections was 32.5% in patients accepted treatment with imipenem or／and ceftazidine,and 15.7% in other patients without the treatment with imipenem or／and ceftazidine(P＜0.02).CONCLUSIONS The strong antibacterial prophylaxis can′t reduce the incidence of infection,and may increase the chance of fungal infection.

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Clinical Characteristics of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis(SBP) in Patients with Severe Type of Viral Hepatitis

Xingfeng REN ; Ya GE ; Guiming JIN

Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology.2001;11(1):13-14.

OBJECTIVE To investigate clinical characteristics of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis(SBP) in patients with severe type of viral hepatitis.METHODS A retrospective review of 120 cases of SBP associated with severe type of viral hepatitis was performed.RESULTS Clinical manifestations were as follows:fever 85.0%,abdominal tenderness 51.6%. 63.3% of the total white blood cells count in the ascitic fluid under 0.5×109／L,85.0% of polymorphonuclear cell ratio above 0.50.The positive culture of the ascitic fluid 24.2%,whereas 42.9% of the isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli.CONCLUSIONS Clinical manifestations in SBP may be non-specific or absent.The total white blood cells count in the ascitic fluid are often under criteria for diagnosis.E.coli was the most common culture isolate.PMN ratio is the reliable parameter for the diagnosis of SBP.

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Study of the Antimicrobial activity in vitro of Domestic Mezlocillin／Sulbactam and Other Three Antimicrobials

Peilan WANG ; Qingfeng LIU ; Youning LIU ; Rui WANG

Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology.2001;11(1):15-17.

OBJECTIVE The antimicrobial activity in vitro of mezlocillin／sulbactam(MLBT),piperacillin／tazobactam(Tazocillin,TZXL),mezlocillin(MLXL) and ticarcillin／clavulanic acid(Timentin TMT) against 179 clinical isolates was studied.METHODS MICs were determined by agar dilution method.RESULTS The antimicrobial activity in vitro of MLBT against clinical bacteria was 1-2 times higher than that of MLXL.In vitro,MLBT has higher susceptibility than MLXL against Escherichia coli which have higher rate producing β-lactamase,such as Enterobacter species,Acinetobacter species,et al.,and has higher susceptibility than TMT against Enterobacter and other G- bacillus(P＜0.01).MLBT and TZXL have similar antibacterial spectrum and activity susceptible rate.MIC50 of TZXL was 1-2 times lower than that of the MLBT,but there were no siginficant differences. CONCLUSIONS The antimicrobial spectrum and antimicrobial activity in vitro of MLBT were similar to that of TZXL.

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In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Home-made Rifamycin against Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus and Other Pathogens of Clinical Isolates

Xiuzhen ZHANG ; Dongke CHEN ; Yunjian HU ; Tianzhi XUAN

Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology.2001;11(1):18-20.

OBJECTIVE The in vitro activity of home-made rifamycin was investigated.METHODS Minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs) were determined by agar dilution method using multipoint inoculator.RESULTS The results indicated that MIC50 and MIC90 of rifamycin against MRSA and MSSA were similar to vancomycin. The values were 1 and 2 mg／L, respectively. Rifamycin against MRSE was 4 times stronger than vancomycin.The value of MIC50 was 0.5 mg／L.The MIC50 of rifamycin against S.pneumoniae,Branhamella catarrhalis,and Listeria monocytogenes were 8,128 and 4 times lower than vancomycin, respectively.CONCLUSIONS There are good antibacterial activity of home-made rifamycin against meticillin resistant Staphyloccocus and the most species of clinical isolates,so can be used the infective diseases by MRSA and MRSE.

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Detection Rate of Oral Candida albicans with Different Sampling Methods among Elderly:A Comparative Study

Xianhua ZHANG ; Bin ZHANG ; Ning WEN ; Long OU ; Binfeng CHU

Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology.2009;0(20):-.

0.05).CONCLUSIONS There is high frequency of C.albicans in the elderly.There is no significant difference rate of detection rate among three groups.Mucosa swab sampling method may be a convenient and effective method for clinical study.

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Distribution of Nosocomial Infection Pathogens

Yasha ZUO ; Shenghong LUO ; Yanqing XU ; Junbao MA ; Guang YANG

Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology.2009;0(20):-.

OBJECTIVE To study the distribution and drug resistance of nosocomial infection(NI) pathogens.METHODS The NI pathogens collected between Jan 2002 and Dec 2008 were completely surveyed and analyzed.RESULTS Totally,9518 samples were cultured to find NI pathogens,in which 6703 NI pathogens were isolated.In the pathogens,G-pathogens occupied 59.5%,G+ cocci 25.0%,and fungi 15.5%.The rate of ESBLs in E.coli was reached to 47.8%,and that in K.pneumoniae was 29.4%;The first two predominant G+ pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus(11.7%) and Enterococcus(5.7%).The rate of MRSA in S.aureus was 78.2%,and that of VRE in Enterococcus was 2.3%,The pathogens of fungus were mainly Candida albicans(10.2%).CONCLUSIONS The G-NI pathogens are markedly increased year by year and become the first important instead of G+ cocci,meanwhile the multiple drug resistance and ESBLs pathogens are also markedly increased.

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Bacterial Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Nosocomial Infection in Ningxia:Monitoring by Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System

Baozhong YANG ; Qi ZHU ; Lili LUAN ; Yan WEN ; Xuexiang QI

Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology.2009;0(20):-.

OBJECTIVE To observe bacterial distribution and drug resistance in Ningxia.METHODS The patients with nosocomial infection mornitored by Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System from Jan 2003 to Dec 2007 were analyzed and summarized.RESULTS Amomg 3276 isolates,1752 strains(53.48%) were Gram-negative bacilli,1471 strains(44.9%) were Gram-positive cocci and,53(1.62%) fungi.The most common pathogens were Escherichia coli(909),Staphylococcus aureus(509),S.epidermidis(260),Enterococcus faecalis(258),and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(206).Most of them were multidrug resistant.Most strains of Gram-negative bacilli were highly susceptible to imipenem,while most strains of Gram-positive cocci were highly susceptible to vancomycin.CONCLUSIONS Most pathogens of nosocomial infection are multidrug resistant,the resistance detection of bacteria has an important significance to clinical treatment and infection control.

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