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Progress in application of tree shrew models in research on human viral diseases

Anguo YIN ; Dexuan KUANG ; Xiaofei LI ; Yuan ZHANG ; Xiaomei SUN ; Xueshan XIA ; Jiejie DAI

Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica.2014;(2):86-89. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2014.02.019

Tree shrews get more and more concerns due to many of its physiological , biochemical and anatomical characteristics similar to those of human beings .Therefore, tree shrews models of human diseases such as viral diseases , neurological diseases and tumors attract more and more attention of researchers .In this article we will review the recent ad-vances in application of tree shrew models in research on human viral diseases .

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Spontaneous neoplastic lesions of Wistar rats and their incidences

Yanfeng XU ; Fenxia HOU ; Huifang YANG ; Yuhuan XU

Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica.2014;(2):75-79. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2014.02.017

Objective To investigate the spontaneous neoplastic lesions and their incidences in rats .Methods Sixty male and 60 female specific pathogen-free Wistar rats (4-weeks old ) were used in this study .The rats were acclima-ted for 1 week prior to initiation of the experiment .They were fed with conventional feed for 104 weeks and then sacrificed for histopathological examination .Results Various neoplastic lesions of the rats and their incidences were analyzed and reported.For male rats, their total tumor incidence was 49.12%, the benign tumor incidence was 38.60%and the malig-nant tumor incidence was 17.54%.The benign neoplastic lesions mainly were pituitary adenoma ( 19.30%) , testis Leydig cell tumor (5.26%) and subcutaneous fibroma (5.26%).The malignant neoplastic lesions mainly were squamous cell carcinoma (7.02%) and lymphoid hematopoietic system tumors (3.51%).For female rats, their total tumor inci-dence was 60.34%, the benign tumor incidence was 50.00%and the malignant tumor incidence was 15.52%.The benign neoplastic lesions mainly were breast fibroadenoma (25.86%) and pituitary adenoma (24.14%).The malignant neoplas-tic lesions mainly were adenocarcinoma (5.17%) and breast cancer (3.45%).Conclusions The spontaneous neoplastic lesions and their incidences reported in this paper provide another data of the spontaneous tumors of SPF Wistar rats and may provide some reference for relevant technical staffs .

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Comparison and evaluation of three methods to establish mouse models of intestinal infection with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Huazhong HAN ; Jun YANG

Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica.2014;(2):70-74. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2014.02.016

Objective To explore the establishment methods of animal models of intestinal multidrug-resistant bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PA) infection, and to provide a good model for experimental research and treatment for infection caused by drug-resistant bacteria .Methods Male BALB/c mice were divided into four groups:Normal con-trol group, MDR-PA group, MDR-PA +antibiotics group, and MDR-PA +fasting group.They were given saline, PA suspension, PA suspension after free drinking with ceftriaxone water and PA suspension after fasting , respectively , by ga-vage.Colon tissues were collected for pathological examination and inflammation scoring .The expressions of TNF-αand INF-γin the colon tissue was assessed at the end of the experiment .Results Pathology showed different degrees of inflam-matory changes in the colon tissues .Compared with the normal control group , the expressions of TNF-αand INF-γhad sig-nificant differences with that of experimental groups .Conclusions All the three methods used in this experiment can be successfully used to establish mouse models with intestinal infection caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and may be chosen for experimental studies according to different research purposes .

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Experimental comparison of the antitussive and expectorant effects of seven traditional Chinese medicine compounds in mice

Xiaoju ZHANG ; Yuan WU ; Chunyan JIANG ; Chaoying ZHANG ; Xincai LAN

Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica.2014;(2):66-69. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2014.02.015

Objective In order to screen effective traditional Chinese medicine compounds to prevent and control porcine respiratory disease syndrome ( PRDC) , seven compound preparations of traditional Chinese medicine were tested and to analyze their antitussive and expectorant effects in mice .Methods Two hundred 6-week old ICR mice ( male∶fe-male=1∶1) were used in this study .Dextromethorphan and ammonium chloride were used as positive control drugs , and physiological saline was used as blank control .The antitussive and expectorant effects of the seven Chinese medicine com-pounds (groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) were observed by ammonia-induced cough model and tracheal phenol red secretion method in mice .Results The results showed that compounds 7 and 5 significantly prolonged the cough incubation period (P <0.05), and reduced the cough times within 5 min (P <0.05).Except for the group 4, tracheal phenol red excre-tion in the other groups was significantly lower than that of blank control group (P <0.05), and phenol red excretion in the mice of groups 7, 5 and ammonium chloride group was significantly lower than that in other treatment groups ( P <0.05).Conclusions The Chinese medicine compounds 5 and 7 show most evident expectorant effects , and worthy of fur-ther validation of them as a drug in the treatment of porcine respiratory disease syndrome .

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Normal kidney data of adult Guizhou miniature pigs measured by multislice spiral CT in vivo

Xinfeng LIU ; Rongpin WANG ; Ning QIAN ; Shuguang WU

Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica.2014;(2):52-56. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2014.02.012

Objective To establish normal kidney data by measuring the diameter and volume of the kidneys in a -dult Guizhou miniature pig.Methods Twelve healthy adult Guizhou miniature pigs (male 6, female 6) were used in this study.The kidneys were scanned by using Siemens dual source CT , and the raw data were used for multiplanar reconstruc-tion (MPR) and volume reconstruction (VR) using the software Aquarius iNtuition 4.4.The anteroposterior and left to right dimensions of both kidneys were measured at the median transverse plane of the organ , and the long and short diame-ters of both kidneys were measured at the maximum coronal section of the organ .The volume of both kidneys and miniature pig itself, the ratio of long to short diameters of both kidneys , and the relationship between the ratio of long to short diame-ter and the kidney were calculated .The correlation between the length dimension , length diameter ratio and the volume of the kidney was analyzed , and the correlation between volume of the kidney and miniature pig was analyzed as well .P<0.05 was set as statistically significant .Results The dimensions of anteroposterior , left to right, long and short diameters of left kidney were 40.40 ±1.67 mm, 27.47 ±1.40 mm, 80.36 ±2.74 mm and 31.79 ±1.99 mm, respectively.The vol-ume of left kidney was 52.78 ±2.25 cm3 , and the ratio of long to short diameter of the left kidney was 2.42 to 2.71:1. The dimension of anteroposterior , left to right, long and short diameters of the right kidney were 40.95 ±1.43 mm, 26.90 ±0.65 mm,79.03 ±2.38 mm and 32.04 ±2.34 mm, respectively .The volume of right kidney was 51.91 ±2.25 cm3 , and the ratio of long to short diameter of the right kidney was 2.33 to 2.77:1.There were highly positive and significant correlations between the long diameter and the kidney volume (rleft =0.92, P<0.05;rright =0.88, P<0.05) as well as between the kidney volume and the miniature pig (rleft =0.96, P<0.05;rright=0.98, P<0.05), while the ratio of long to short diameter of the kidney was negatively related to the volume of the miniature pig ( rleft =-0.51, P<0.05;rright=-0.67, P<0.05).Conclusions Multislice spiral CT and its post-processing software can accurately measure various data of the kidneys of Guizhou miniature pig in vivo , providing normal reference of the animal model for the research of hu -man kidney diseases .

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Pathological changes of the kidneys in mouse models of adriamycin-induced-nephrosis

Lian LIU ; Gaofu ZHANG ; Qiu LI ; Mo WANG

Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica.2014;(2):13-16. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2014.02.003

Objective Our purpose was to observe the renal pathological changes in the mouse modells of adriamy -cin-induced nephropathy in different periods .Method 48 healthy male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group and model group .The model group received a disposable tail vein injection of adriamycin 10.5 mg/kg body weight , and the control group received the same amount of saline .24-hour urinary protein , serum biochemical indexes and kidney pathological changes were dynamically observed for 12 weeks.Results Proteinuria of model mice appeared in the 2th week after ADR injection, which lasted to the end of the 12-week experiment, At the 8th week, the amount of urine protein reached a peak (P<0.05);The serum albumin was decreased at the 4th week, cholesterol was increased at 8th week.At the end of experiment, serum creatinine was also increased (P<0.05).Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) was observed in model mice at the 4th week;the lesions in renal tissues at 8th weeks were more serious than that at 4th weeks, but glomerular sclerosis was unconspicuous .Focal segmental glomerulonephritis ( FSGS) was seen at the 12th week.The GSI of the model mice was(2.81 ±0.84)%, significantly higher than that of the control mice ((0.33 ±0.21)%) at 12th week(P<0.01).Conclusions A mouse model with adriamycin-induced-nephrosis can be successfully established by a disposable tail vein injection of adriamycin in a dose of 10.5 mg/kg body weight .The early manifest ation of this model is MCNS, and at a late stage , it may be changed into FSGS .

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Research progress of tree shrew models of viral hepatitis and modeling strategy

Yiquan PANG ; Yue FENG ; Xiaomei SUN ; Li LIU ; Jiejie DAI ; Xueshan XIA

Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica.2014;(2):95-110. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2014.02.0020

Viral hepatitis is a major liver disease caused by virus infection .Viral hepatitis is popular in China , mainly caused by hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses .Experimental animal model is a necessary platform for the research on mechanism of viral infection and pathogenicity , for treatment and vaccine development .Up to date, a great progress in the development of viral hepatitis animal models has been achieved in spite of the most of findings are limited to hepatitis B and C.Here, we summarize the recent findings of viral hepatitis animal models , focusing on the tree shrew animal model and its modeling strategy .

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Detection and isolation of murine norovirus in laboratory mice in Shanghai area

Qin LIU ; Xiaofeng WEI ; Lili TIAN ; Cheng GAO

Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica.2014;(2):80-85. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2014.02.018

Objective To investigate the natural infection status of murine norovirus ( MNV) in laboratory mice in Shanghai area and isolate MNV from mouse cecal feces .Methods To collect cecal contents and serum samples from 319 specific pathogen-free ( SPF) mice coming from different research institutions .Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) were used to detect MNV infection in the mice , re-spectively.The positive stool samples were diluted and filtered through 0.22 μm membrane, inoculated into RAW 264.7 cells, and then identified by RT-PCR.Results There were 95 positive results in the 319 cecal samples by RT-PCR, and the positive rate was 29.78%.Among 180 serum samples which were tested by RT-PCR, 70 samples were positive by ELISA, and the positive rate was 38.89%.The infected RAW 264.7 cells showed cytopathic effect ( CPE) within 72 h. After 3 times of freezing and thawing , RT-PCR obtained a 187 bp band.Conclusions The results from the present study show that there is a high natural infection rate of MNV in laboratory mice in Shanghai area , and the strict breeding manage-ment must be strengthened .

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Comparison of the effect of three cryoprotectants on vitrification-cryopreservation of mouse epididymis

Miao LI ; Lili YU ; Yibao ZHANG ; Sujing QIANG ; Lijun LIU ; Ping XU

Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica.2014;(2):62-65. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2014.02.014

Objective To compare the effect of three cryoprotectants on vitrification-cryopreservation of C57BL/6J mouse epididymis.Method Epididymises from 6-8-week old male C57BL/6J mice (age) were cryopreserved using DMSO, PROH and R18S3 cryoprotectant solution and thawed , respectively.The morphology of sperm from thawed epididy-mis, the rate of post-thawing survival and reproductive capacity were determined to evaluate the freezing efficiency of the three cryoprotectants .Results The sperms from thawed epididymis of the three groups were all well-preserved structural-ly.The survival rate of sperms was 88.17%, 61.17% and 16.83% in the PROH, DMSO and R18S3 cryoprotectant solu-tions, respectively, and there were significant differences between the three cryopreservation groups (P<0.05 for all). The number of pups from the DMSO , PROH and R18S3 groups were 13, 8 and 17 mice after ICSI and embryo implantation , respectively.Conclusions All the three cryoprotectants DMSO , PROH and R18S3 solutions are suitable for vitrification-cryopreservation of C57BL/6J mouse epididymis.But PROH is the preference of these cryoprotectant solutions .

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Acute toxicity of potassium bichromate and 3,4-dichloroaniline in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)

Jingji ZHANG ; Haowen YIN ; Huaqing ZHAO

Acta Laboratorium Animalis Scientia Sinica.2014;(2):57-61. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2014.02.013

Objective and Methods As a local species, Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) has been one of the standardized test fish for chemical toxicity tests in China .By optimal screening , the acute toxicity of potassium bichromate and 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) was determined to evaluate repeatability and accuracy for Gobiocypris rarus in one laboratory and between different laboratories .Result Based on a proper data analysis , for the two chemicals per-formed with the same fish, all 96 h LC50 values were within mean ( x-) and upper and lower control limits ( ±2s) in both inner test ( in one laboratory ) and outer test ( between different laboratories ) .Conclusions From these results , a valid database could also be established to evaluate one single test .In addition, Gobiocypris rarus will not only be a potential test species for ecotoxicity tests , but also recommended as a standard laboratory animal .

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