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Erratum: Cholesterol conjugated spermine as a delivery modality of antisense oligonucleotide.

Yun Kyung LIM ; Myung Su KIM ; Hoon YOO

International Journal of Oral Biology.2014;39(2):129-129.

In page 155, Yoon Kyung Imshould be changed as Yun Kyong Lim.

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Effect of Sambucus sieboldiana Extract on the Cell Growth and Extracellular Matrix Formation in Osteoblast Cells.

Jeongsun KIM ; Seon Ho CHO ; Jong Tae PARK ; Sun Kyoung YU ; Su Gwan KIM ; Do Kyung KIM

International Journal of Oral Biology.2014;39(2):121-128.

Sambucus sieboldiana (SS) is a member of the family Caprifoliaceae and has been recommended as a functional material because of its several bioactivities. Although numerous literatures are available on the pharmacological and biological activities, the biological activity of SS in bone regeneration process has not yet been well-defined. Therefore, in this study, the effect of SS was investigated in the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. The treatment of SS did not significantly affect the cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the mineralization and significantly increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNAs, compared to the control, in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the decrease of osteonectin (ON) mRNA expression as compared with the control in a time-dependent manner in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. These results suggest that the SS facilitate the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Therefore, there may be potential properties for development and clinical application of bone regeneration materials.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Bone Regeneration ; Caprifoliaceae ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Extracellular Matrix* ; Humans ; Osteoblasts* ; Osteocalcin ; Osteogenesis ; Osteonectin ; RNA, Messenger ; Sambucus*

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Effect of Sub-Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Antibiotics on Morphology of Periodontal Pathogens.

Ye Won KWON ; Si Young LEE

International Journal of Oral Biology.2014;39(2):115-120.

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of antibiotics that inhibits the visible growth of a microorganism. It has been reported that sub-MIC of antibiotics may result in morphological alterations along with biochemical and physiological changes in bacteria. The purpose of this study was to examine morphological changes of periodontal pathogens after treatment with sub-MIC antibiotics. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were used in this study. The MIC for amoxicillin, doxycycline, metronidazole, penicillin, and tetracycline were determined by broth dilution method. The bacterial morphology was observed with bright field microscope after incubating with sub-MIC antibiotics. The length of A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum were increased after incubation with metronidazole; penicillin and amoxicillin. P. gingivalis were increased after incubating with metronidazole and penicillin. However, F. nucleatum showed decreased length after incubation with doxycycline and tetracycline. In this study, we observed that sub-MIC antibiotics can affect the morphology of periodontal pathogens.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ; Amoxicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Bacteria ; Doxycycline ; Fusobacterium nucleatum ; Metronidazole ; Penicillins ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; Tetracycline

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Expression of Neurotrophic Factors and Their Receptors in Rat Posterior Taste Bud Cells.

Dong Il PARK ; Ki Myung CHUNG ; Young Kyung CHO ; Kyung Nyun KIM

International Journal of Oral Biology.2014;39(2):107-114.

Taste is an important sense in survival and growth of animals. The growth and maintenance of taste buds, the receptor organs of taste sense, are under the regulation of various neurotrophic factors. But the distribution aspect of neurotrophic factors and their receptors in distinct taste cell types are not clearly known. The present research was designed to characterize mRNA expression pattern of neurotrophic factors and their receptors in distinct type of taste cells. In male 45-60 day-old Sprague-Dawley rats, epithelial tissues with and without circumvallate and folliate papillaes were dissected and homogenized, and mRNA expressions for neurotrophic factors and their receptors were determined by RT-PCR. The mRNA expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3), receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), exclusion of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-4/5 (NT4/5), receptor tyrosine kinase A (TrkA), receptor tyrosine kinase C (TrkC), and p75NGFR were observed in some population of taste cell. In support of this result and to characterize which types of taste cells express NT3, BDNF, or TrkB, we examined mRNA expressions of NT3, BDNF, or TrkB in the PLCbeta2 (a marker of Type II cell)- and/or SNAP25 (a marker of Type III cell)-positive taste cells by a single taste cell RT-PCR and found that the ratio of positively stained cell numbers were 17.4, 6.5, 84.1, 70.3, and 1.4% for PLCbeta2, SNAP25, NT3, BDNF, and TrkB, respectively. In addition, all of PLCbeta2- and SNAP25-positive taste cells expressed NT3 mRNA, except for one taste bud cell. The ratios of NT3 mRNA expressions were 100% and 91.7% in the SNAP25- and PLCbeta2-positive taste cells, respectively. However, two TrkB-positive taste cells co-expressed neither PLCbeta2 nor SNAP 25. The results suggest that the most of type II or type III cells express BDNF and NT3 mRNA, but the expression is shown to be less in type I taste cells.
Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Cell Count ; Humans ; Male ; Nerve Growth Factor ; Nerve Growth Factors* ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RNA, Messenger ; Taste Buds*

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Protective Effect of Propofol against Hypoxia-reoxygenation Injury in HaCaT Human Keratinocytes.

Yong Ho KIM ; Jin Mo KANG ; In Ryoung KIM ; Bo Young LEE ; Ji Young YOON ; Cheul Hong KIM ; Bong Soo PARK

International Journal of Oral Biology.2014;39(2):97-105.

The aim of this study was to determine the beneficial effect of propofol on human keratinocytes that have undergone hypoxia reoxygenation (H/R) injury and to investigate whether autophagy is associated with the protective mechanism. Thus, we evaluated how propofol influences the intracellular autophagy and apoptosis during the H/R process in the HaCaT cells. The cultured human keratinocyte cells were exposed to 24 h of hypoxia (5% CO2, 1% O2, 94% N2) followed by 12 h of reoxygenation (5% CO2, 21% O2, 74% N2). The experiment was divided into 4 groups: (1) Control=Normoxia ; (2) H/R=Hypoxia Reoxygenation ; (3) PPC+H/R=Propofol Preconditioning+Hypoxia Reoxygenation; (4) 3-MA+PPC+H/R=3-MA-Methyladenine+Propofol Preconditioning+Hypoxia Reoxygenation. In addition, Western blot analysis was performed to identify the expression of apoptotic pathway parameters, including Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 involved in mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Autophagy was determined by fluorescence microscopy, MDC staining, AO staining, and western blot. The H/R produced dramatic injuries in keratinocyte cells. In our study, the viability of Propofol in H/R induced HaCaT cells was first studied by MTT assay. The treatment with 25, 50, and 100 microM Propofol in H/R induced HaCaT cells enhanced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and 100 microM was the most effective dose. The Atg5, Becline-1, LC3-II, and p62 were elevated in PPC group cells, but H/R-induced group showed significant reduction in HaCaT cells. The Atg5 were increased when autophagy was induced by Propofol, and they were decreased when autophagy was suppressed by 3-MA. These data provided evidence that propofol preconditioning induced autophagy and reduced apoptotic cell death in an H/R model of HaCaT cells, which was in agreement with autophagy playing a very important role in cell protection.
Anoxia ; Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Blotting, Western ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival ; Cytoprotection ; Humans ; Keratinocytes* ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Propofol*

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Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility of the Bacteria from Non-odontogenic Infectious Lesions.

Yong Min KIM ; Jae Jin KIM ; Mija KIM ; Soon Nang PARK ; Hwa Sook KIM ; Joong Ki KOOK ; Hak Kyun KIM

International Journal of Oral Biology.2014;39(2):87-95.

The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria from the 4 patients with non-odontogenic infectious lesions (mucormycosis, chronic inflammation from wound infection, and two actinomycosis) and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility against eight antibiotics. Bacterial culture was performed under three culture conditions (anaerobic, CO2, and aerobic incubator). The bacterial strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) sequence comparison analysis method. For investigating the antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacteria against eight antibiotics, penicillin G, amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and Augmentin(R) (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurement was performed using broth microdilution assay. Nosocomial pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, and Neisseria flavescens were isolated from mucormycosis. Veillonella parvula, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were isolated from chronic inflammatory lesion. Actinomyces massiliensis was isolated from actinomycosis in parotid gland. Capnocytophaga ochracea was isolated from actinomycosis in buccal region in anaerobic condition. There was no susceptible antibiotic to all bacteria in mucormycosis. Tetracycline was susceptible to all bacteria in chronic inflammation. C. ochracea was resistant to vancomycin and penicillin G; and other antibiotics showed susceptibility to all bacteria in actinomycosis. The results indicated that the combined treatment of two or more antibiotics is better than single antibiotic treatment in mucormycosis, and penicillin is the first recommended antibiotic to treat actinomycosis.
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ; Actinomyces ; Actinomycosis ; Amoxicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacillus subtilis ; Bacteria* ; Capnocytophaga ; Cefuroxime ; Clindamycin ; Enterobacter ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Erythromycin ; Genes, rRNA ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mucormycosis ; Neisseria ; Parotid Gland ; Penicillin G ; Penicillins ; Tetracycline ; Vancomycin ; Veillonella ; Wound Infection

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Xylitol Sensitivity among Oral Streptococci.

Hee Sam NA ; Sheon Min KIM ; Yu Ri SONG ; Yoon Hee CHOI ; Jin CHUNG

International Journal of Oral Biology.2014;39(2):81-86.

Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that inhibits the growth of oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans. In this study, we tested xylitol sensitivity among the oral streptococci. We also compared nucleotide homology of putative fructose phosphotransferase system (PTS) and xylitol sensitivity, since xylitol is transported via the fructose PTS. Among the tested Streptococci, S. pneumonia showed the highest resistance to xylitol while S. gordonii and S. sanguinis showed the most sensitive growth inhibition. These streptococci could be grouped according to their xylitol sensitivity. S. mutans and S. salivarius showed similar bacterial growth inhibition by xylitol. S. mitis, S. oralis, S. pneumonia, S. intermedius and S. anginosus showed relatively low sensitivity to xylitol. When the genetic homologies of five fructose PTSs were compared among the tested streptococci, closely related streptococci showed similar sensitivity to xylitol. Taken together, fructose PTSs may mediate the sensitivity to xylitol in oral streptococci.
Fructose ; Pneumonia ; Streptococcus ; Streptococcus mutans ; Xylitol*

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Antimicrobial Effects of Oleanolic Acid, Ursolic Acid, and Sophoraflavanone G against Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes.

Eojin JO ; Mi Hwa CHOI ; Hwa Sook KIM ; Soon Nang PARK ; Yun Kyong LIM ; Christina K KANG ; Joong Ki KOOK

International Journal of Oral Biology.2014;39(2):75-79.

The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effect of oleanolic acid (OA), ursolic acid (UA), and sophoraflavanone G against Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes, which are the major causative bacteria of endodontic infections. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The data showed that the OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G had antimicrobial effect on all the strains use in the study with 16-64 microg/ml, 8-64 microg/ml, and 1-8 microg/ml of MIC values, respectively. These results indicate that OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G could be useful in the development of antiseptic solution for washing the root canal in endodontic treatments.
Bacteria ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Enterococcus faecalis* ; Oleanolic Acid* ; Propionibacterium acnes*

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The Inhibition of Oxidative Stress by Chios Gum Mastic is Associated with Autophagy.

Bo Young LEE ; Kee Hyun LEE ; In Ryoung KIM ; Yong Ho KIM ; Hae Ryoun PARK ; Bong Soo PARK

International Journal of Oral Biology.2014;39(2):65-73.

Chios Gum Mastic (CGM) is a natural resin extracted from the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus, a plant endemic to the Greek island of Chios. It has been used by traditional healers, and it has antibacterial, antifungal properties, and therapeutic benefits for the skin. The CGM reduces the formation of dental plaque and bacterial growth in oral saliva, and recent studies have demonstrated the role of antioxidant activity of CGM. Although CGM has been widely investigated, its protective effect against oxidative-damage to keratinocytes, as well as the relationship between CGM and autophagy, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of CGM against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and to evaluate the autophagic features induced by CGM in human keratinocytes. The pretreatment with CGM significantly reduced apoptosis in H2O2-exposed HaCaT cells. It promoted the degradation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9; and it induced the formation of the processed PARP. The treatment with CGM caused an increase in vesicle formation compared to control group. The level of p62 was reduced and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was increased in CGM treated HaCaT cells. Also, the treatment with CGM increased cleavage of ATG5-ATG12 complex. In summary, CGM helps the cells to survive under stressful conditions by preventing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. Besides, the present investigation provides evidence to support the antioxidant potential of CGM in vitro and opens up a new horizon for future experiments.
Apoptosis ; Autophagy* ; Caspase 3 ; Caspase 8 ; Caspase 9 ; Dental Plaque ; Gingiva* ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; Oxidative Stress* ; Pistacia ; Plants ; Saliva ; Skin

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Cariogenic Activity in Saliva of Korean Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

Hae Soon LIM ; Kyung Yi CHUNG ; Ae Ok KIM ; Mi Ran KIM ; Youn Shin KIM ; Mi Sun KANG ; Jeong Won HONG ; Ji Yeon JUNG ; Ji Il PARK ; Guem Sug LEE

International Journal of Oral Biology.2014;39(2):57-63.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate salivary flow rate, salivary pH, and cariogenic activity using unstimulated saliva of the head and neck cancer patients. Twenty three cancer patients (19 males, 4 females) who had undergone chemotherapy and radiation therapy and twenty four healthy volunteers (14 males, 10 females) as a control were included. Salivary flow rate, salivary pH, and cariogenic activity using unstimulated saliva were examined. Compared to saliva of the control group, salivary flow rate (p<0.001) and salivary pH (p<0.001) were significantly lower in head and neck cancer patients. The colony counts of Lactobacilli was higher in head and neck cancer patients (p<0.05) than in control group. These salivary factors and cariogenic activity can increase the prevalence of dental caries in head and neck cancer patients.
Dental Caries ; Drug Therapy ; Head and Neck Neoplasms* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Prevalence ; Saliva*

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