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Suppression of Antimicrobial Defense and Stabilization of STAT3 by IRAK-M Expression in Tumor Cells Promotes Colorectal Carcinogenesis.

Irshad ALI ; Young Sang KOH

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2016;46(3):181-183. doi:10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.181

Different environmental and genetic factors have been attributed to the etiology of colorectal cancer. Dysbiotic gut microbiota is associated with initiation and progression of colon carcinogenesis. Hyperactivation of STAT3 promotes carcinogenesis by upregulating cell proliferation, survival, tumor-induced immunosupression and angiogenesis. IRAK-M is a negative regulator of toll-like receptor signaling and inhibits innate immune response. The cancer cell may exploit this property of IRAK-M and evade host immune surveillance. Recently, it has been found that IRAK-M provide controlled feed back to bacteria involved in colorectal cancer by reducing antibacterial response in mice. Furthermore, IRAK-M increased the stability of STAT3 in tumor cells that support tumor promotion by upregulating cell proliferation and survival. Thus, it is suggested that IRAK-M promotes colitis associated colon cancer by enhancing bacterial colonization and stabilization of STAT3.
Animals ; Bacteria ; Carcinogenesis* ; Cell Proliferation ; Colitis ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Immunity, Innate ; Mice ; Microbiota ; Toll-Like Receptors

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Characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus isolated from Acute Respiratory Infectious Disease in Busan.

Su Jeong HWANG ; Dong Ju PARK ; Pyeung Tae GU ; Hee Soo KOO ; Mi Ok LEE

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2016;46(3):173-180. doi:10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.173

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is known as the leading cause of respiratory tract illness in infancy and elderly children worldwide. We investigate the prevalence pattern and genetic characteristics in the second variable region G protein gene of HRSV during 5 consecutive seasons from 2010 to 2015. A total of 4,793 specimens (throat swabs) were collected from patients with acute respiratory tract. HRSV were evaluated and classified as HRSV A (n=111) or HRSV B (n=64) by real-time RT-PCR or RT-PCR. In general HRSV were detected in winter season. Coughing, fever, rhinorrhea and sputum were confirmed main symptoms in patients with HRSV. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics or severity according to the HRSV subgroup infections. Out of 175 HRSV positive samples, 94 samples were successfully sequenced using G gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 62 HRSV-A strains clustered into genotypes ON1 (n=54, 87.1%), NA1 (n=7), NA2 (n=1) and 32 HRSV-B strains clustered into three genotypes: BA4 (n=28, 87.5%), BA5 (n=2), BA6 (n=2). These results provide a better understanding of HRSV prevalence pattern and genetic characteristics.
Aged ; Busan* ; Child ; Communicable Diseases* ; Cough ; Fever ; Genotype ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses* ; Respiratory System ; Seasons ; Sputum

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3-Hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-9-one, Isolated from Ulva pertusa Kjellman, Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response by Down-Regulating Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and NF-κB Pathways.

Irshad ALI ; Zahid MANZOOR ; Young Sang KOH

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2016;46(3):167-172. doi:10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.167

In the present study we evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of 3-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-9-one (Comp) isolated from Ulva pertusa Kjellman, in LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Comp treatment exhibited strong dose dependent inhibition of IL-12 p40 and IL-6 cytokine production with IC₅₀ values of 7.85 ± 0.32 and 7.86 ± 0.18, respectively in LPS-stimulated BMDCs. Treatment of Comp inhibited MAPKs and NF-κB pathways in LPS-stimulated BMDCs by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p38 and IκB. Thus, these results suggest that Comp have a significant anti-inflammatory property and affirm further studies concerning the potentials of Comp for medicinal use.
Dendritic Cells ; Interleukin-12 ; Interleukin-6 ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases* ; Ulva*

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Antiviral Activity of Corylus heterophylla Fisch Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection.

Jae Sook LEE ; Dur Han KWON ; Hyea Suk SONG ; Hwa Jung CHOI ; Kyungah YOON

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2016;46(3):159-166. doi:10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.159

The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has recently been shown to cause huge economic losses in the global pork industry. Our results demonstrated that the extract dose-dependently inhibited the replication of PEDV and reduced the visible cytopathic effect (CPE). Treatment with C. heterophylla Fisch extract resulted in marked reduction of PEDVinduced cytokine and chemokine expression. The antiviral activity of C. heterophylla Fisch extract on PEDV replication was found to be primarily exerted at the early stages after infection. Taken together, our data indicate that C. heterophylla Fisch extract may be a good therapeutic agent for use against PEDV and also a potential candidate to be evaluated against other human and animal coronaviruses.
Animals ; Coronavirus ; Corylus* ; Humans ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus* ; Red Meat

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Differences in Hematological Characteristics, Including Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B and E, between Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Patients in Korea.

Hyun Jung JO ; Gyu Nam PARK ; Hye Ran KIM ; Min Ju KIM ; Kyung A SHIN ; Seung Bok HONG ; Kyung Soo CHANG

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2016;46(3):152-158. doi:10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.152

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically cause hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and biomarkers related to liver damage are elevated in HBV and HCV patients. However, comparisons of biomarkers between HBV and HCV patients have not previously been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in hematological biomarker in the sera of HBV and HCV patients and to find a key biomarker to differentiate between HBV and HCV infections. HBV (n=115) and HCV (n=128) samples (serum and whole blood) were collected and tested using a biochemical analysis system. The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS 18.0 statistical software. The mean age of the HCV group (60.3±14.1) was much higher than that of the HBV group (51.1±12.4). Male and female rates were 71.3% and 28.7% in the HBV group and 53.9% and 46.1% in the HCV group, respectively (p = 0.005). AST, ALT, and TG values were higher in the HCV group than in the HBV group. Although γ-GTP and LDL levels were higher in the HBV group than in the HCV group, apoB and apoE levels were much higher in HCV group than in HBV group (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the other hematological biomarkers between the HBV and HCV groups. In conclusion, HBV rates were higher in male patients, and HCV rates were higher in older patients. In particular, apoE and apoB were more highly expressed in HCV patients, and they might be key markers to differentiate HCV infection.
Apolipoproteins B ; Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Biomarkers ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Cholesterol* ; Female ; Hepacivirus* ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis C* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Male

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The Genetic Diversity of Norovirus from Children with Diarrhea in Gwangju Metropolitan City, Korea: 2008-2012.

Hye Young KEE ; Min Ji KIM ; Sun Hee KIM ; Dong Ryong HA ; Eun Sun KIM ; Hye Sook JEONG ; Jae Keun CHUNG ; Kye Won SEO

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2016;46(3):142-151. doi:10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.142

In order to study the characteristics of norovirus in Gwangju metropolitan city, We examined norovirus in 13,931 fecal specimens collected through five years (2008-2012) from children admitted with a chief complain of acute diarrhea. Among a total of norovirus (NoV) was most frequently detected (3,025 cases, 21.7%). Concerning the frequency of virus detected by month, NoV tended to break out frequently from October to March in the following year. NoV was detected most highly in 0~3 year infants. Through examinations on NoV genotypes, among 3,025 cases that turned out to be positive, the genotypes of 2,652 cases were determined with various results including 13 types of GI and 17 types of GII. The results of analysis on GI genotypes were as follows: GI-4 (21.9%), GI-2 (15.2%), and GI-6 (10.5%). GII genotypes were as follows: GII-4 (63.9%), GII-3 (18.9%), GII-8 (4.2%), GII-2 (3.9%), GII-6 (3.3%), and GII-1 (1.9%). Eight types of variants for GII-4 genotype (427 cases) were identified. The majority of the GII-4 variants was GII-4_Farmington (181 cases, 42.4%), which peaked in 2012, while GII-4_2008b (173 cases, 40.5%) showed a high prevalence in 2011. Concerning the circulation of variants, as many as eight types of GII-4 variants were identified in 2012, showing more varieties than in other years. Therefore, this study can be used as fundamental data for the development of vaccine candidate for the prevention of viral diarrheal diseases with high-incidence.
Child* ; Diarrhea* ; Genetic Variation* ; Genotype ; Gwangju* ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea* ; Norovirus* ; Prevalence

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Characterization of Propionibacterium acnes by Multilocus Sequence Typing and Repetitive-Sequence-Based PCR.

Shukho KIM ; Hyesoon SONG ; Weon Ju LEE ; Jungmin KIM

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2016;46(3):135-141. doi:10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.135

Propionibacterium acnes, a gram-positive, anaerobic, and aerotolerant bacterium that is found frequently in the skin as part of the human microbiome causes inflammatory acne, shoulder infection, and the contamination of medical devices. The study goals were the antibiotic resistant and molecular epidemiological characterization of the P. acnes isolates in Korea. A total of 22 P. acnes isolates originated from diverse patients were obtained from three National Culture Collections for Pathogens in South Korea. The hemolytic properties and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of five antibiotics (tetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, and minocycline) were determined. Only one isolate showed high MIC values and resistance to all five antibiotics. Genotypic characterization was achieved by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for eight loci (aroE, guaA, tly, camp2, atpD, gmk, lepA, and sodA) and repetitive-sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) analysis using the DiversiLab kit. MLST revealed four phylogroups that were type IA₁ (27.3%), type IA₂ (18.2%), type IB (13.6%), and type II (40.9%). Rep-PCR results demonstrated three clusters that were cluster I (39.1%), cluster II (45.5%), and cluster III (13.6%). The isolates of cluster I were part of phylogroup type IA (both IA₁ and IA₂), and the isolates of cluster II belonged to phylogroup type II. All isolates of phylogroup type IB were hemolytic and belonged to cluster III. The results of rep-PCR clustering analysis showed a good correlation with those of MLST phylogroups, suggesting that rep-PCR could be an alternative method to track P. acnes subtype lineages.
Acne Vulgaris ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Clindamycin ; Doxycycline ; Erythromycin ; Humans ; Korea ; Methods ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microbiota ; Multilocus Sequence Typing* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Propionibacterium acnes* ; Propionibacterium* ; Shoulder ; Skin

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Transcriptional Analysis of the iagB within Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1).

Sangyong LIM ; Jihae CHOI ; Dongho KIM ; Ho Seong SEO

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2016;46(3):128-134. doi:10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.128

HilA is a central regulator of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1), which is necessary for host invasion by Salmonella and induction of gastroenteritis. The iagB lies downstream of hilA and is thought to be co-transcribed with hilA, but iagB expression has not yet been analyzed directly. In this study, iagB expression in various mutant strains was measured to determine whether the expression pattern was similar to that of hilA. A β-galactosidase assay revealed that iagB expression was greater under shaking than standing culture condition. iagB expression was decreased in relA/spoT and ihfB mutants but not in luxS mutant, in line with previous reports on hilA expression. The hilA and iagB mRNA levels decreased by approximately 2-fold in arcA mutant grown aerobically and increased by approximately 10-fold in fnr mutant grown anaerobically. Although the fold changes in hilA and iagB mRNA level differed in hfq mutant strain, the patterns of time- and Hfq-dependent regulation were similar for both genes. Thus, iagB and hilA exhibited similar expression patterns in various mutational backgrounds and under different growth condition.
Gastroenteritis ; Genomic Islands* ; RNA, Messenger ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Salmonella* ; Virulence*

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The Characteristics of RNA Vaccine; its Strengths and Weaknesses.

Hyo Jung PARK ; Hae Li KO ; Seo Yeon JUNG ; Han Byeol JO ; Jae Hwan NAM

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2016;46(3):115-127. doi:10.4167/jbv.2016.46.3.115

Since 1990 when Wolff and co-authors proved that both RNA and DNA expression vectors containing interest gene were directly injected into mouse muscle and expressed the protein in vivo, the concept of gene vaccine has been broadly tested in the vaccine field. However, due to the limitations of technology and the misconception about RNA, most previous studies have focused on the DNA vaccine. Recently, the RNA vaccine has emerged as a new game-changing disruptive innovation technology in the vaccine field. This review has covered the characteristics of the RNA vaccine, including its strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we have suggested future directions for the RNA vaccine.
Animals ; DNA ; Mice ; RNA*

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Resistance to Chemotherapy on Tumor Through Cathepsin B-dependent Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome.

Eun Jeong KWON ; Young Sang KOH

Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2013;43(3):233-234. doi:10.4167/jbv.2013.43.3.233

Anticancer drugs kill tumor cells and increase host anti-tumor immunity. Interestingly, gemcitabin (Gem) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), widely used anticancer drugs, lead to IL-1beta secretion releasing cathepsin B which activates Nlrp3 inflammasome in myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSC derived IL-1beta enhance secretion of IL-17 by CD4+ T cells. This mechanism limits the antitumor efficacy of the drugs and promotes tumor growth.
Cathepsin B ; Cathepsins ; Fluorouracil ; Interleukin-17 ; T-Lymphocytes

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