OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current status of antibiotic use for very and extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW) infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of Hunan Province. METHODS: The use of antibiotics was investigated in multiple level 3 NICUs of Hunan Province for VLBW and ELBW infants born between January, 2017 and December, 2017. RESULTS: The clinical data of 1 442 VLBW/ELBW infants were collected from 24 NICUs in 2017. The median antibiotic use duration was 17 days (range: 0-86 days), accounting for 53.0% of the total length of hospital stay. The highest duration of antibiotic use was up to 91.4% of the total length of hospital stay, with the lowest at 14.6%. In 16 out of 24 NICUs, the antibiotic use duration was accounted for more than 50.0% of the hospitalization days. There were 113 cases with positive bacterial culture grown in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, making the positive rate of overall bacterial culture as 7.84%. The positive rate of bacterial culture in different NICUs was significantly different from 0% to 14.9%. The common isolated bacterial pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae was 29 cases (25.7%); Escherichia coli 12 cases (10.6%); Staphylococcus aureus 3 cases (2.7%). The most commonly used antibiotics were third-generation of cephalosporins, accounting for 41.00% of the total antibiotics, followed by penicillins, accounting for 32.10%, and followed by carbapenems, accounting for 13.15%. The proportion of antibiotic use time was negatively correlated with birth weight Z-score and the change in weight Z-score between birth and hospital discharge (r=-0.095, -0.151 respectively, P<0.01), positively correlated with death/withdrawal of care (r=0.196, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Antibiotics used for VLBW/ELBW infants in NICUs of Hunan Province are obviously prolonged in many NICUs. The proportion of routine use of third-generation of cephalosporins and carbapenems antibiotics is high among the NICUs.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Birth Weight ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To investigate the cytotoxic effect mechanism of the unsaturated fatty acids on human cervical carcinoma of ME-180 cells.Methods The 2 × 108 cell · L-1 ME-180 cells were moved into the 96 hole culture plate,per hole 90 μL.Three concentrations of the drug groups:0.3,0.6,0.9 mg· L-1 unsaturated fatty acid (prepared with DMSO) per hole 90 μL.The 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) group:10mg · L-1 5-FU (prepared with phosphate buffer) per hole 10 μL.Control group:30 μL · L-1 DMSO per hole 10 μL.Each group set of four repeat hole,in saturated humidity condition of 37 ℃ and 5％ CO2 in 48 h.The inhibition rate and apoptosis rate of unsaturated fatty acids were detected with a trypan blue,thiazole blue (MTT),and flow cytometry method.Results When ME-180 cells were administered with the unsaturated fatty acids at the doses of 0.3,0.6,0.9 mg · L-1 for 48 h,ME -180 living cell count with the increase of drug concentration and action time is reduced.The cells proliferation inhibition rate were 43.35％,51.75％,66.45％ in three concentrations of the drug groups;apoptosis rate were 18.21％,23.11％,28.06％ in the three groups,respectively.Compared with the drug groups and the control group on the number of living cells,inhibition rate and apoptosis rate,the differences were statistically significant (P ＜0.01).Conclusion The unsaturated fatty acids has significant toxic effects on ME-180 cells.The toxic effect mechanism of the unsaturated fatty acids is related to inhibite proliferation on cell and induce-cell apoptosis.

Objective To study the effects of maca extract on exercise endurance and blood hormone levels in the rats. Methods Wistar rats treated with maca extract (2. 0, 4. 0, 8. 0 g/kg body weight) were freely swimming in the cir-culating water flow daily for 15 days. On the 16th day of experiment, the exercise endurance and blood noradrenaline (NA), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) levels of the rats were determined. Results The rats administered with maca extract at the doses of 2. 0, 4. 0, 8. 0 g/kg body weight for 15 d showed that the swimming time before sinking was in-creased by 32. 51%, 60. 04%, 106. 52%, the total swimming time was extended by 16. 99%, 56. 50%, and 101. 73%respectively ( P<0. 01 ); while the number of sinking was decreased by 18. 89%, 35. 89%, and 58. 06%, respectively (P< 0. 01), compared with those swimming rats without maca extract treatment. The noradrenaline level in the blood of rats treated with maca extract 2. 0, 4. 0, 8. 0 g/kg body weight was increased by 3. 30%, 6. 60%, and 16. 50%, respec-tively, compared with the control group, and increased by 42. 49%,47. 05%, and 60. 70%, respectively, compared with the swimming rats without extract treatment;the E2 level was increased by 132. 83%,102. 72%, and 62. 26% (P<0. 01) respectively, compared with the control group, while decreased by 23. 88%, 33. 72%, and 46. 95% (P<0. 01) respec-tively, compared with the swimming rats without extract treatment. The blood testosterone level was increased by 5. 11%, 37. 65%, and 123. 16% (P<0. 01) respectively, compared with the control group, and increased by 28. 98%, 68. 92%, and 173. 85%, (P<0. 01) respectively, compared with the swimming rats without extract treatment. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that maca extract has effect to resist fatigue and enhance exercise capacity in rats. The mechanism is associated with reduced blood E2 , and increased noradrenaline and testosterone levels in the blood of rats.

Objective To study the electric shock protection requirements of in vitro diagnostic equipment and to help manufacturers understand the relevant requirements in order to design products reasonably. Methods The requirements of IEC 61010-1:2010 were analyzed, the electric shock protection measures were explored, and the principles for protecting ground impedance against electric shock were described. An example was taken to study the electric shock protection measures for the sampling needle of the automatic bio-chemical analyzer, so that the existence of electric shock hazard could be determined. Results The sampling needle proved its rationality in structure design by avoiding the risk for being electriferous in case of failed basic insulation, although the requirements for protective earthing, double insulation or reinforced insulation were not met efficiently. Conclusion The requirements for electric shock protection can be determined based on comprehensive understanding of the standard, determination of electriferous components of the equipment as well as analysis on electric shock protection measures.

Objective To investigate the growth inhibition mechanism of octadecenoic acid on human gastric carcinoma transplanted tumor.Methods The cancer tissue was isolated from adult patients with gastric cancer and transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice.And SCID mice were treated with concentrations of 0.2,0.4,0.8 g · kg-1 octadecenoic acid,respectively.The SCID mice in control group treated with concentration of 100 mg · kg-1 fluorouracil(5-FU).The SCID mice in model group treated with equal amounts of rapeseed oil.The duration was 4 weeks.The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP),tumor suppressor gene p53 (P53),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(P13K) levels in tumor tissue were detected by the method of enzyme linked irnmunosorbent assay.Results Compared to the model group,growth inhibition rate of transplantation tumor of human gastric cancer in low,middle,high experimental groups and control group were increased 26.52％,58.75％,67.80％ and 46.25％ respectively with significace(P ＜ 0.01);the cAMP levels were increased by 35.61％,74.93％,130.48％ and 54.98％ inthe four groups,respectively with significance also (P ＜ 0.01);the P53 and P13K levels were reduced by 57.22％,79.45％,95.71％,80.10％ and 33.11％,44.39％,97.42％,51.69％ respectively in the four groups with significance too(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Growth inhibition mechanism of octadecenoic acid on transplantation tumor of human gastric cancer,mainly related to elevated cAMP level within the tumor tissue,inhibit the activity of P53 and P13K signal pathway.

Objective To study the regulating action of unsaturated fatty acids on human gastric cancer cells protein kinase B (PKB/Akt)signaling pathways.Methods The gastric cancer tissue of adult patients with gastric cancer was isolated and transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice.Separation cells from gastric cancer transplanted tumor by digestive enzyme were cultured.They were divided into five groups:three doses experimental groups (unsaturated fatty acid 0.3,0.6,1.2 mg · L-1),control group (5-fluorouracil 10 mg · L-1),solvent control group (dimethyl sulfoxide 30 μL · L-1),cultivate 48 h after the treatment.The toxic effects of the unsaturated fatty acid on human gastric cancer cells were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl) -2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method.The levels of p21,murine double minute2 (MDM2),PKB/Akt in tumor cells were detected by the method of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results Compared to the control group,the human gastric cancer cells proliferation inhibition rate in high,moderate,low,doses experimental groups were increased by 31.7％,55.51％,68.28％,respectively.The levels of p21 and MDM2 in that three groups were increased by 4.39％,80.12％,161.36％ and 19.81％,97.76％,207.35％,respectively.The level of PKB/Akt in that three groups was reduced by 13.31％,57.69％,78.71％,respectively.Conclusion The unsaturated fatty acids on human gastric cancer cells proliferation inhibition mainly related to elevated p21,MDM2 levels within the tumor cells,inhibit the activity of PKB/Akt signal pathway.