Adult specimens of Echinochasmus caninus n. comb. (Verma, 1935) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) (syn. Episthmium caninum Yamaguti, 1958) were recovered from 11 riparian people who resided along the Mekong River in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR. In fecal examinations done by the Kato-Katz technique, the cases revealed eggs of Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes, hookworms, and in 2 cases echinostome eggs. To recover the adult helminths, praziquantel 30–40 mg/kg and pyrantel pamoate 10–15 mg/kg in a single dose were given and purged with magnesium salts. Various species of trematodes (including O. viverrini and Haplorchis spp.), cestodes, and nematodes were recovered from their diarrheic stools. Among the trematodes, small echinostome flukes (n=42; av. 3.8 specimens per case) of 0.7–1.2 mm in length are subjected in this study. They are morphologically characterized by having 24 collar spines interrupted dorsally and anterior extension of vitellaria from the cirrus sac or genital pore level to the posterior end of the body. Particularly based on this extensive distribution of vitellaria, the specific diagnosis was made as Echinochasmus caninus. The cases were co-infected with various other helminth parasites; thus, clinical manifestations specific for this echinostome infection were difficult to determine. The present paper describes for the first time human E. caninus infections in Lao PDR. Our cases marked the 4–14th human infections with this echinostome around the world following the 3 previous cases reported from Thailand.
Adult ; Ancylostomatoidea ; Animals ; Cestoda ; Comb and Wattles ; Diagnosis ; Eggs ; Helminths ; Humans ; Magnesium ; Opisthorchis ; Ovum ; Parasites ; Praziquantel ; Pyrantel Pamoate ; Rivers ; Salts ; Spine ; Thailand ; Trematoda

Dirofilaria (D.) immitis is an important canine parasitic nematode in dogs. D. immitis parasitizes the right ventricle and pulmonary artery of dogs. An ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound (IPPC) was administered to dogs naturally infected with this parasite. IPPC is composed of 68.0, 136.0 and 272.0 microg of ivermectin and 57.0, 114.0 and 227.0 mg pyrantel pamoate for small, middle, and large animals. Ivermectin has activity against nematodes and ectoparasites in dogs. Pyrantel pamoate is also effective against nematodes in dogs. Our results showed that this drug combination has good efficacy in D. immitis infected dogs.
Animals ; Dirofilaria ; Dirofilaria immitis ; Dogs ; Heart Ventricles ; Ivermectin ; Parasites ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pyrantel ; Pyrantel Pamoate

Toxocara (T.) canis and Trichuris (T.) vulpis are very important canine parasitic nematodes. T. canis parasitize in small intestine and T. vulpis parasitize in large intestine. In order to control of these nematodes, ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate compound was applied to the dogs infected with these parasites naturally and artificially. This drug was composed of 68.0 microg of ivermectin and 57.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for small animal, 136.0 microg of ivermectin and 114.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for middle animal, and 272.0 microg of ivermectin and 227.0 mg of pyrantel pamoate for large animal. Ivermectin in this drug is activity to nematodes and ectoparisites. Pyrantel pamoate in this drug is also activity to nematodes. In this experiment, this drug had a good efficacy against T. canis and T. vulpis in the infected dogs.
Animals ; Dogs ; Intestine, Large ; Intestine, Small ; Ivermectin ; Parasites ; Pyrantel ; Pyrantel Pamoate ; Toxocara ; Toxocara canis ; Trichuris

The recent trends of parasitic infections in Korea include remarkable decreases of soil-transmitted nematode infections and elimination of lymphatic filariasis. In comparison, enterobiasis (pinworm infection) continues to be prevalent among children and the cases of zoonotic tissue-invading nematode infection are slightly increasing or they are being increasingly diagnosed. In addition, imported parasitoses continue to be problems from the clinical and public health points of view. In this review, the advances in the management and anthelmintic treatment of these nematode infections are briefly reviewed. Albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, flubendazole, pyrantel pamoate, pyrvinium pamoate, oxantel pamoate, levamisole, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine are the examples of anti-nematode anthelmintics that are currently being used. Although several of these drugs are known to be broad-spectrum anthelmintics, selection of each drug should be done specifically for each nematode infection, and with consideration of the specific conditions of each patient and the purposes, for example, when performing individual or mass treatment. It is hoped that the chemotherapy regimens reviewed here will help physicians to treat their patients infected with nematode parasites.
Albendazole ; Anthelmintics ; Child ; Diethylcarbamazine ; Elephantiasis, Filarial ; Enterobiasis ; Humans ; Ivermectin ; Korea ; Levamisole ; Mebendazole ; Nematode Infections ; Parasites ; Public Health ; Pyrantel Pamoate ; Pyrvinium Compounds ; Thiabendazole

Phongsaly Province, located in the northernmost area of Lao PDR, was previously suggested to be endemic for the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini infection. To confirm, or rule out, this suggestion, the Phonxay village in the Khoua District, Phongsaly Province, was selected for a survey. Ten volunteers (8 men and 2 women aged 31-57 years) who consumed raw freshwater fish and had gastrointestinal troubles were treated with a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) and pyrantel pamoate (10 mg/kg) and purged with magnesium sulfate to recover any worm parasites. Eight of the 10 volunteers expelled 1 or more species of trematodes, nematodes, or cestodes (worm positive rate; 80%). The worms were morphologically identified as H. taichui (861 worms from 8 people), H. yokogawai (59 from 6 people), Phaneropsolus bonnei (1 from 1 person), Trichostrongylus sp. (2 from 2 people), Ascaris lumbricoides (2 from 1 person), Enterobius vermicularis (11 from 3 people), and Taenia saginata (1 strobila with scolex from 1 person). The results indicate that the mountainous area of Phongsaly Province, Lao PDR, is not endemic for the liver fluke but endemic for intestinal flukes, in particular, Haplorchis taichui and H. yokogawai.
Adult ; Animals ; Antiparasitic Agents/administration & dosage ; Feces/parasitology ; Female ; Heterophyidae/anatomy & histology/classification/*isolation & purification ; Humans ; Laos/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Praziquantel/administration & dosage ; Prevalence ; Pyrantel Pamoate/administration & dosage ; Trematode Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/*parasitology

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anthelmintic effects of fenbendazole against intestinal nematode; Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura, and to compare the efficacy in fenbendazole, oxantel-pyrantel pamoate and placebo by means of double blind method. Out of 114 subjects harbouring Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura, 36 cases were treated with single dose of fenbendazole, 38 cases with oxantel-pyrantel pamoate, and the remaining 40 cases had received the placebo. The results were as follows: In the group treated with fenbendazole (30-50 mg/kg), the cure rates were 83.9 percent in 31 subjects with Ascaris lumbricoides and 83.3 percent in 18 subjects with hookworm, and only 28.6 percent in 28 subjects with T. trichiura respectively. In the group treated with a single dose of oxantel-pyrantel pamoate (10 mg/mg), the cure rates were 96.7 percent in 30 subjects with A. lumbricoides, 95.2 percent in 21 subjects with hookworm, and 54.6 percent in 33 subjects with T. trichiura. Egg reduction rate was 85.7 percent in T. trichiura cases. On the other hand, the egg negative conversion rates in placebo group were 9.7, 8.3 and 33.3 percent in Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm infections respectively. The above results showed that fenbendazole was highly effective against Ascaris and hookworm. However, incomparisom with oxantel-pyrantel pamoate, fenbendazole was less effective in regards of A. lumbricoides, hookworm and T. trichiura infections.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; chemotherapy ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; hookworm ; Trichuris trichiura ; fenbendazole ; oxantel-pyrantel pamoate

This study was undertaken to observe the fluctuation pattern of E.P.G. (eggs per gram of feces) according to the number of infected worms and developmental status of Ascaris lumbricoides. The cases were selected from 2,109 inhabitants of Hwasung Gun, Kyunggi Do, Korea, who had received pyrantel treatment in dose of 10 mg/kg during April 1977-May 1980 and who were cooperative enough to collect whole-day stool specimens for 2 days. Among them, 602 cases who had been infected with 1-5 worms were subjected to analysis. Egg examination was undertaken by means of cellophane thick smear technique and the amount of produced eggs was checked by Stoll's egg counting technique. The Ascaris worms were collected from stool specimens, counted in number in each case, and each worm was measured by length. The results could be summarized as follows: According to the increase of worm burden per case from l to 5, the egg detection rate increased from 33.4 percent to 95.7 percent. And the same pattern was observed when the only burden was considered. There were ample variations in the individual E.P.G. counts even among the cases with same burden, although the mean E.P.G. counts among the cases were quite proportionately increased from 842 to 3,467 according to the number of female worms, 1-4. However, from the distribution pattern of the number of each grade of E.P.G. count, it was revealed that the lower the number of females the more cases were with low grade of E.P.G. It was observed that the eggs could be detected after the female worm grew longer than 12.6 cm and the amount of eggs increased until the worm became about 25.0 cm, where a plateau was made in E.P.G. 1,300-1,400, and decreased significantly after 27.5 cm. And yet, wide variations in E.P.G. counts were noted even among the worms of similar growth. Accordingly, the E.P.G. value had better be used as a useful index to estimate the intensity of Ascaris infection and to compare the intensity between two communities, rather than be used to estimate the individual worm burden.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Enterobius vermicularis-enterobiasis ; chemotherapy ; pyrantel pamoate ; biology ; morphology

To observe the effect of egg-free state in an institute on the endemicity of Enterobius vermicularis, the theoretical condition was made by repeated chemotherapy. Mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate were administered to all orphans and their staffs concomitantly for four times, each 20-day interval. In two low endemic orphanages, in which mean egg positive rates were 18 % and 39 % respectively, the pinworm infection was controlled up to 6-7 months period. And other two highly endemic orphanages, with 70% and 55% of egg positive rates, were controlled up to 90th day after the first treatment. After then up to 7 months, the reinfection occurred, but the endemicity was brought down to about 20 % of egg positivity.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Enterobius vermicularis-chemotherapy ; enterobiasis ; mebendazole ; pyrantel pamoate

The chronologic growth patten of Ascaris lumbricoides was made by the maximum length of worms collected from inhabitants after mass chemotherapy with pyrantel pamoate by various interval; 2-month, 4-month, 6-month an 12-month. The results obtained were summarized as follows: When the collected 497 worms were plotted on weight/length chart by treatment interval, there was always size limitation in each group, permitting the idea of maximal growth in a given period of infection. The maximum lengths in each interval treatment, 2, 4, 6 and 12-month were; 12.5, 16.4 , 19.2 and 22.8 cm in male and 14.2, 22.0, 26.2 and 30.8 cm in female respectively. The maximum growth curves were expressed by the equations; Y=9.212 In(X+1)+0.025 in male and Y=11.953 In(X+1)+0.025 in female when X is age in month and Y is length in cm. It was revealed that female grew more rapidly than male. The growth of length was rapid in initial 2~3 months and weigth gain was rapid in later than 2~3 months. The weight seems better than length as an indicator of aging.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; chemotherapy ; pyrantel pamoate ; epidemiology ; growth

Atrial to control reinfection cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides was made in a rural village in Korea by blocking the process of new egg production. Chemotherapy with pyrantel pamoate was repeated bimonthly in three hamlet groups, each consisted of 105~149 inhabitants of whole age group. In one hamlet (2.5 mg/kg dose) blanket mass treatment was repeated for 18 times from June 1977 to May 1980. In other two, 5.0 mg and 10.0 mg/kg dose groups, treatment was undertaken for 10 times from June 1977 until December 1987 and later reinfection patten was observed. Follow-up examination was made by whole-day stool collection for 2 days from each case after every treatment. The samples were examined both for eggs and worms, adult and immature young, of A. lumbricoides. The results obtained are summarized as follows: The pre-treatment egg positive rate in Group A, B and C was 48.1, 45.3 an 37.8% respectively. The lowest dose of pyrantel pamoate, 2.5 mg/kg was equally effective as higher doses in case of repeated use for reinfection control. Among 4,311 pyrantel treatments, only 8 cases complained of side effects such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. When the blanket mass chemotherapy was continued 18 times in Group A, all of the examined inhabitants were free from reinfection and egg production from 28th month (the 15th treatment) until the end of study period, for 8 months. When the mass chemotherapy was stopped after 10 times, the egg positive rate returned gradually up to half of pre-treatment level within one year. From the analysis of total 124 positive cases during the course of follow-up, it was revealed that the mass chemotherapy with 2-month interval was successful for the suppression of fertilized egg production. However, social factors such as infected immigrants or absentees were inevitably encountered and involved in the fertilized egg production. Summarizing the results, at least 28-30 months were needed to eradicate A. lumbricoides in the subjected area of Korea, by repeated blanket mass treatment bimonthly with a quarter dose of pyrantel pamoate. Furthermore, to lessen the social factors as a source of later reinfetion, the project area of control programme should be extended as wide as possible.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; chemotherapy ; pyrantel pamoate ; epidemiology