The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-inhibition test using a Clonorchis sinensis species-specific mouse monoclonal antibody(MAb), CsHyb 0605-23, showed increased specificity over the conventional ELISA used for serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis. To characterize the corresponding antigen further, the MAb was tested against polysaccharide, protein and glycolipid fractions obtained from a crude extract of C. sinensis adult worms, using chloroform, methanol and phenol extractions. Only the polysaccharide fraction was recognized by the MAb among those fractions. Mild oxidation of the antigen with sodium periodate showed decreased reactivity against the MAb. We concluded that the antigen and antigenic determinants recognized by the MAb are carbohydrates.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Monoclonal antibody ; antigen ; immunology ; carbohydrate ; polysaccharide ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; diagnosis

In order to know the species and frequency of human parasitic infection diagnosed by biopsy, 149 cases (0.18%) of parasitic infection were reviwed, which were selected from 80,947 biopsied materials submitted for routine histopathological examination during a period of 10 years from 1980 to 1989 at Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hospital. They consisted of 112 cases of cysticercosis, 17 paragonimiasis, 7 clonorchiasis, 4 amebiasis, 1 sparganosis, 1 enterbiasis, 1 aniskiasis, and 1 fascioliasis respectively. Based on morphological preservation of cysticercus, they could be divided into mild (20.2%), morderate (40.4%), and severe (39.4%) degeneration. Except 2 cases biopsied at the lungs, 15 cases of ectopic paragonimiasis were located at abdominal cavity (8 cases) and central nervous system (7 cases). One case of intrahepatic fascioliasis was observed. This is the 13th human fascioliasis reported in Korea. From the above results, the frequency of parasitic infections found in biopsied specimens was on the decrease as the cysticercosis and ectopic paragonimiasis.
parasitology-helminth-cestoda-nematoda-trematoda ; biopsy ; histopathology ; tissue parasite ; cysticercose ; ectopic ; Enterobius vermicularis ; Taenia solium ; Paragonimus westermani ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Entamoeba histolytica ; Anisakis ; Fasciola sp. ; paragonimiasis ; fascioliasis

Recent patterns of infection with digenetic larval trematodes in fresh-water and brackish-water fish were studied in three locations of the river Taewha during the period from April to October 1988, and compared with the data reported previously in the same river. Of 16 species of fish examined, the encysted larvae of Cyathocotyle orientalis were found most frequently from 9 species of fresh-water fish. The metacercariae of Echinochasmus sp., Metacercaria hasegawai and Metagonimus yokogawai were found 8 species, those of Clonorchis sinensis from 7 species, and Exorchis oviformis and Metorchis orientalis from 5 species of fish. The infection rates of fish with C. sinensis metacercariae were not lower than those reported in 1980, wheres their intensity of infection was found lowered in 3 species, Coreobagrus brevicorpus, Gnathopogon atromaculatus, and Puntungia herzi. The infection rates of 3 species of fish with M. yokogawai metacercariae were lower than the results in 1982, while the rate was higher in 2 species, Zacco platypus, and Z. temmincki, and rather stationary in Plecoglossus altivelis. The intensity of infection in several species of fish appeared rather higher than in 1980. the encysted larvae of C. orientalis, Echinochasmus sp., E. oviformis and Metacercaria hasegawai showed variations in infection rates of fish in 1980 and in the present study. It was found that the rate of infection with digenetic larval trematodes in fresh-water fish was still relatively high in the river Taewha, and the metacercarial burden in the fish varied greatly by different fish in 1980 and in the present study.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Cyathocotyle orientalis ; Echinochasmus sp. ; Metacercaria hasegawai ; Metagonimus yokogawai ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Exorchis oviformis ; Metorchis orientalis ; Coreobagrus brevicorpus ; Gnathopogon atromaculatus ; Puntungia herzi ; Zacco platypus ; Z. temmincki

In an attempt to determine the susceptibility of inbred golden hamsters(Mesocricetus auratus) to the experimental infection with Clonorchis sinensis, twenty-five hamsters were divided into 5 groups and administered orally 5, 10, 20, 30 or 50 metacercariae each. The hamsters were killed on the 45th day after infection. The adult flukes were recovered from all hamsters. The overall recovery rate for the fluke was 57.9 percent with the range of 48.4 percent to 92.0 percent. As the number of the metacercariae given increased, a proportionate decrease in the recovery rate was found. The prepatent period of the fluke in the hamster varied from 16 to 17 days, with the average of 16 days. No significant differences in the development of the flukes were observed. Egg production expressed by EPG, increased step by step as the time elapsed. However, a tendency of decreasing egg laying capacity was observed with the increase of worm burden. It is suggested that the hamster is a suitable final host of C. sinensis.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; clonorchiasis ; susceptibility ; golden hamster

Anti-Clonorchis IgG antibody levels in serum were observed by ELISA in 129 egg positive cases and in 25 controls. The antibody levels were 0.063 to 1.216 (0.325+/-0.202)in clonorchiasis cases and 0.078 to 0.670 (0.255+/-0.133) in controls. The difference was statistically significant. However, serological diagnosis of clonorchiasis was not satisfactory in lightly infected cases because of low levels of specific IgG antibody. The antibody levels were well correlated with EPG. Changes of the IgG antibody levels were not significant 12-14 days, 4 weeks and 8-9 weeks after praziquantel treatment. Seven and 13 months after treatment, the IgG antibody levels were lowered significantly. The period for serologically negative conversion after praziquantel treatment was between 9 weeks and 7 months in human clonorchiasis.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; clonorchiasis ; chemotherapy-praziquantel ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; IgG

A human case of Centrocestus armatus (Heterophyidae) infection was proved by identifying an adult worm collected after treatment with praziquantel in Korea. The case is 42-year old man who resides in a rural area in Sanchung-gun, Kyeongsangnam-do. The case was concomitantly infected with Clonorchis sinensis and had the history of eating raw freshwater fishes including Zacco platypus, which are known to be the second intermediate host of C. armatus in Korea.. This is the first report of natural human infection by C. armatus in the literature.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Centrocestus armatus ; intestine ; Heterophyidae ; Clonorchis sinensis ; case report

The pattern of sensory papillae, chaetotaxy, of the cercaria of Clonorchis sinensis was observed. The chaetotaxy was as follows; 5-6 Ci l, 4-5 Ci 2, 5-6 Ci 3 at lst row, 4 Cii 1, 2 Cii 2, 4 Cii 3, 5-6 Cii 4 at 2nd row, 3-4 Ciii 1, 2-3 Ciii 2 at 3rd row, and 2 Civ 1, 2-3 Civ 2, 2-3 Civ 3, at 4th row, in cephalic region; 2 AiV, l AiD, 2 AiiV, 1 AiiD, 2 AiiiV, 2 AiiiD, 1 AivV, 1 AivD, 1 PiiD, l PiiiD, in ventral(V) and dorsal(D) portions of body. Caudal region revealed 2-2-2-2 formula.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; cercaria

The sensitivity and specificity of crude and affinity-purified antigens of Clonorchis sinensis obtained from the infected rabbits were studied. Stage-specific antigenic proteins from the eggs, metacercariae and adult worms were characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) The results were as follows: The antibody-binding antigen (ABA) purified from whole worm crude antigen (WWA) by CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography made 4 specific bands against rabbit anti-sera on Ouchterlony gel diffusion plate, while WWA made 7 bands. Major WWA protein bands by SDS-PAGE were found at 16,300-18,500 and 28,000-29,000 daltons, while major ABA protein bands were at 18,000-21,000 and 29,000-31,000 daltons. The reactivity of ABA with rabbit anti-sera in ELISA was remarkably less sensitive than that of WWA. Molecular weights of egg antigen (EGA), metacercarial antigen (MEA) and adult worm antigen (WWA) of C. sinensis ranged from 15,000-200,000 daltons, 15,000-100,000 daltons and 11,000-80,000 daltons, respectively. Major WWA proteins consisted mainly of polypeptide bands of low molecular weight, less than 31,000 daltons, while those of EGA and MEA consisted of higher molecular weights than 30,000 daltons. The ELISA reactivities of WWA to rabbit anti-sera were remarkably greater than those of MEA. EGA showed negative reaction throughout the experiments. WWA showed higher optical density (O.D.) than 1.0, when reacted with rabbit anti-sera obtained at 4-6 weeks after the infection. In the rabbit anti-sera later than 12 weeks after the infection, the O.D. reacting with WWA showed a plateau without variation. MEA showed relatively low O.D. values (<0.6), when reacted with anti-sera from lightly infected groups throughout the experiments, although there were some weak positive cases (O.D.>0.6) in heavily infected groups. MEA reacted with rabbit anti-sera showed negative results on Ouchterlony gel diffusion plates. Summarizing the above results, it is suggested that the whole worm antigen prepared from the adult worms of C. sinensis is most highly antigenic. However, this antigen might reveal cross reactions with other trematodes such as Paragonimus westermani, therefore, purification of antigenic proteins from the crude antigen is essential to increase the sensitivity and specificity for the immunodiagnosis of clonorchiasis.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; clonorchiasis ; rabbit ; immunology ; diagnosis ; antigen

This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of peritoneal exudate cells in the transfer of immunity against the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis in the inbred BALB/c mice. Ten donor mice were divided into 2 groups. One group consisted of 5 mice was infected orally with 20 metacercariae of C. sinensis, and the other group was injected intraperitoneally with 20 excysted larvae. Thirty days after immunization, the peritoneal exudate cells were obtained from the donor mice. Twenty recipient mice were divided into 4 equal groups for the purpose of primary immunization. The mice of Group I were injected intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(6) peritoneal exudate cells of the donor mice infected orally, those of Group III were injected intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(6) peritoneal exudate cells of the donor mice injected intraperitoneally. Those of Group II were injected orally with 20 metacercariae of C. sinensis. The group IV mice served as controls. Four days after the primary immunization all recipient mice were challenged orally with 20 metacercariae of C. sinensis, and then killed 30 days after the challenging infection. When the peritoneal exudate cells were injected into the recipient mice, pronounced reduction in eggs per gram of the feces was found in the mice of Group I and Group II, but no reduction in those of Group III. In the worm burdens of C. sinensis, the number of flukes found in the mice of Group II was only significantly less than those in the control group(IV). In addition the number of plaque forming cells per spleen in the mice of Group II was found larger than those in Group I. It is likely that donor peritoneal exudate cells transferred to the recipients might result in the production of relative immunity.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; immunology ; mouse

The author has studied the beta-glucuronidase activity in several tissues such as liver, stomach and small intestine of the male and female rabbits infected with different doses of metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis. The metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis were isolated from Pseudorasbora parva caught in Kim Hae by digestion technic. The experimental animals were sacrificed in the period of 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35th days following the infection. The results obtained were summarized as follows: In the groups infected with 100 metacercariae, Beta-glucuronidase activity was slightly increased during the entire periods than control rabbits. It was the highest in the first day with 1.535 and 1.421 mu/g, 14th days with 2.521 and 2.200 mu/g, and then lowered by the time, gradually. In the groups infected with 500 metacercariae, Beta-glucuronidase activity was highly increased on the first day with 1.535 and 1.866 mu/g than that 100 metacercariae groups according to each organs. It was the highest on the 7th day and 14th day. In the groups infected with 1,000 metacercariae, beta-glucuronidase activity was remarkably increased in the first and 14th days according to each organs, and then lowered gradually day by day. beta-glucuronidase activity of all organs was more increased than that of normal organs and the highest activity in the liver with 2.521 mu/g, intestine(1.612) and stomach (1.581) respectively. beta-glucuronidase activity of rabbits was higher in the female than in the male. On the basis of these results, it was suggested that beta-glucuronidase activity was affected by the duration of infection and by the number of Clonorchis sinensis, according to the organs and sex of the rabbits.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; beta-glucuronidase ; biochemistry