Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was found initially in Wuhan, China in early December 2019. The pandemic has spread to 216 countries and regions, infecting more than 23310 000 people and causing over 800 000 deaths globally by Aug. 24, 2020, according to World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/ novel-coronavirus-2019). Fever, cough, and dyspnea are the three common symptoms of the condition, whereas the conventional transmission route for SARS-CoV-2 is through droplets entering the respiratory tract. To date, infection control measures for COVID-19 have been focusing on the involvement of the respiratory system. However, ignoring potential faecal transmission and the gastrointestinal involvement of SARS-CoV-2 may result in mistakes in attempts to control the pandemic.
Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification* ; COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology* ; Coronavirus Infections/virology* ; Environmental Microbiology ; Feces/virology* ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/virology* ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology* ; RNA, Viral/genetics* ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Virus Shedding

Objective: To observe the short-term and long-term clinical effect of modified Wufu Maxin Guijiang decoction treatment to chronic nonspecific low back pain (NLBP) with syndrome of cold dampness and stasis, and to investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory and analgesia. Method: One hundred and nineteen eligible patients were randomly divided into control group (59 cases) and observation group (60 cases) by random number table. Patients in control group got acupuncture treatment and pilates. Based on the treatment in control group, patients in observation received additional modified Wufu Maxin Guijiang decoction, 1 dose/day. The course of treatment was 6 weeks in both groups. Before and after treatment, scores of short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Oswestry disability index (ODI), Japanese orthopaedic association (JOA) and syndrome of cold dampness were graded. After treatment, the patients made self efficacy assessment. Levels of thromboxane 2 (TXB₂), 6-Keto-PGF_la, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukins-1β(IL-1β) were detected both before and after treatment. Result: After treatment, the rank sum test showed that the clinical efficacy in observation group was better than that in control group (Z=2.226, P<0.05), and the self efficacy assessment showed the efficacy in observation group was also better than that in control group(Z=2.104, P<0.05). Scores of SF-MPQ, PRI, VAS, PPI, ODI and syndrome of cold dampness and stasis in observation group were all lower than those in control group (P<0.01), and score of JOA was higher than that in control group (P<0.01). Levels of TXB₂, TNF-α and IL-1β and TXB₂/6-Keto-PGF_la were lower than those in control group (P<0.01), and the level of 6-Keto-PGF_la was higher than that in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Based on the acupuncture treatment and pilates, modified Wufu Maxin Guijiang decoction in the treatment of chronic NLBP can ameliorate symptoms of pain, promote the recovery of function, and enhance activity of daily living in a short term, reduce the recurrence and stabilize the disease condition in a long term, with certain effects of anti-inflammatory and analgesia.

Objective: To observe the effect of Jiawei Bushen Huoxuetang on osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF), bone density and bone metabolism. Method: One hundred and sixteen patients with OVCF operation were randomly divided into control group (58 cases) and observation group (58 cases) by random number table. Patients in control group got Alendronate sodium tablets, 70 mg/time, 1 time/week. Menatetrenone soft capsules, 15 mg/time, 3 times/days after meals. Calcium carbonate D₃ chewable tablets (Ⅱ), 1 tablet/time, 2 times/days. Based on the treatment in control group, patients in observation group received additional Jiawei Bushen Huoxue decoction, 1 dose/day. The course of treatment was 24 weeks in both groups. The treatment of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) fumigation was used in combination with the TCM for 2 weeks. At the 4^th, 8^th, 12^th and 24^th weeks after treatment, pain degree of waist and back were evaluated by pain visual analogue scale (VAS), and waist dysfunction was evaluated by Oswestry disability index (ODI). Before and after treatment, anterior vertebral height (AVBH), Cobb, femoral neck, lumbar spine bone mineral density and Chinese osteoporosis quality of life scale were evaluated. Before and after treatment, levels of carboxy terminal propeptide of type I collagen (CICP), C-terminal cross-linking peptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and bone glaprotein(BGP) were detected. Result:By rank sum test, the clinical efficacy in observation was better than that in control group (Z=2.026, P<0.05). At the 4^th, 8^th, 12^th and 24^th weeks after treatment, scores of lumbago and back pain VAS and ODI were lower than those in control group (P<0.01). AVBH, femoral neck bone mineral density, and lumbar spine bone mineral density in observation group were higher than those in control group (P<0.01). Cobb angle was smaller than that in control group; and the four dimension scores of COQOL were lower than those in control group (P<0.01). Levels of BALP, CICP, CTX-I and TRACP in observation group were lower than those in control group (P<0.01), and BGP was higher than that in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion:Jiawei Bushen Huoxuetang can enhance bone mineral density, regulate bone metabolism, reduce back pain, promote healing of fracture, and ameliorate osteoporosis, with obvious clinical efficacy.

Objective: To observe the short and long term effect of addition and subtraction therapy of Shentong Zhuyutang to myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) with stagnation of blood stasis and to investigate its mechanism of action.Method: One hundred and forty-eight eligible patients were randomly divided into control group (73 cases) and observation group (75 cases) by random number table.Patients in both groups got electroacupuncture treatment.Patients in control group additionally got Yaotong capsules,4 grains/time,3 times/day.Patients in observation group additionally got addition and subtraction therapy of Shentong Zhuyutang,1 dose/day.The treatment was continued for 6 weeks in both groups,and 16 weeks follow-up was recorded.Before treatment,and at the 1^st,2^nd,3^rd,4^th,5^th,6^th week after treatment,scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) was graded.Before and after treatment,scores of JOA,Roland-Morris disability questionnaire (RDQ),body damage index assessment scale (PⅡ scale),stagnation of blood stasis,and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were graded.Levels of thromboxane 2(TXB₂),6-ketone-prostaglandin F_1α(6-keto-PGF_1α) were detected,and TXB₂/6-keto-PGF_1α was calculated;in addition,the recurrence was recorded and followed up.Result: By rank sum test,the clinical efficacy in observation group was better than that in control group (Z=1.969,P<0.01).Analysis of variance of repeated measures indicated that,scores of VAS were decreased gradually at the 1^st,2^nd,3^rd,4^th,5^th,6^th week in both groups after treatment (F_control=5.801,F_observation=6.649,P<0.05).Paired t-test indicated that scores of VAS in observation group were lower than those in control group at 2^nd,3^rd,4^th,5^th,6^th week (P<0.01).Scores of three dimensions of JOA scale and total score in observation group were higher than those in control group (P<0.01).Scores of RDQ,PⅡ,PSQI,stagnation of blood stasis,whole blood viscosity (high cut and low cut),plasma viscosity,fibrinogen,TXB₂,and T/K in observation group were lower than those in control group (P<0.01),and level of 6-keto-PGF_1α was higher than that in control group (P<0.01).In addition,the recurrence rate in observation group was 12%,lower than 26.03% in control group (χ²=4.745,P<0.05).Conclusion: Based on acupuncture treatment,addition and subtraction therapy of Shentong Zhuyutang can relieve the pain caused by myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) with stagnation of blood stasis,recover lumbar activity function,reduce rate of recurrence,and ameliorate blood circulation,with anti-inflammatory and analgesia effects.

Objective:To observe the short-term clinical efficacy of addition and subtraction therapy and external washing treatment of Danggui Niantongtang to knee osteoarthritis (KOA) with heumatism heat Bi syndrome and to investigate its effect on disease activity. Method:One hundred and eighteen patients with KOA were randomly divided into control group (58 cases) and observation group (60 cases) by random number table. Patients in control group got celecoxib capsules, 0.2 g/time, 1 time/day, diclofenac diethylamine emulgel for the pain, 3 times/days. Patients in observation group got addition and subtraction therapy and external washing treatment of Danggui Niantongtang. The course of treatment was 2 weeks in both groups. Before treatment and at the 2^th, 4^th, 6^th and 14^th weeks after treatment, scores of visual analog scale (VAS) were graded for pain in walking and tranquillization. Function of knee joint was evaluated by western Ontario and McMaster university osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) both before and after treatment. Scores of heumatism heat Bi syndrome and Japanese Orthopaedic Associate (JOA), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3) levels were evaluated. Result:At the 6^th and 14^th weeks after treatment, scores of VAS in observation group were lower than those in control group during walking and tranquillization time. Scores of three dimensions in WOMAC (pain, stiffness, joint function) and the total score of WOMAC in observation group were all lower than those in control group (P<0.01). The score of main symptoms of heumatism heat Bi syndrome and the total score in observation group were lower than those in control group (P<0.01). After treatment, levels of ESR, CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MMP-3 were lower than those in control group, and level of SOD was higher than that in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion:Addition and subtraction therapy and external washing treatment of Danggui Niantongtang can relieve the pain and degree of disease caused by KOA with heumatism heat Bi syndrome, swelling and dysfunction, and can control acute inflammation index, reduce disease activity.

Background:X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is a vital factor in the anti-apoptosis mechanism of tumors and is highly expressed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC).However,the mechanism through which XIAP regulates DNA damage repair is unknown.This study investigated the regulatory mechanism of XIAP in etoposide-induced apoptosis in two Caki-1 cell lines with high or low XIAP expression.Methods:The two cell lines were established using RNA interference technology.The differentially expressed proteins in the two cell lines were globally analyzed through an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based quantitative proteomics approach.Proteomic analysis revealed 255,375,362,and 5 differentially expressed proteins after 0,0.5,3,and 12 h of drug stimulation,respectively,between the two cell lines.The identified differentially expressed proteins were involved in numerous biological processes.In addition,the expression of histone proteins (H1.4,H2AX,H3.1,H3.2,and H3.3) was drastically altered,and the effects of XIAP silencing were accompanied by the marked downregulation of H2AX.Protein-protein interactions were assessed and confirmed through immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses.Results:The results suggested that XIAP may act as a vital cell signal regulator that regulates the expression of DNA repair-related proteins,such as H2AX,and influences the DNA repair process.Conclusions:Given these functions,XIAP may be the decisive factor in determining the sensitivity of RCC cell apoptosis induction in response to chemotherapeutic agents.