Objective To investigate the screening results and factors affecting abnormal detection rates among high-risk groups of esophageal cancer and to explore effective intervention measures. Methods We investigated and collected the information on gender, education level, age, marital status, symptoms of reflux esophagitis (heartburn, acid reflux, belching, hiccup, foreign body sensation in the pharynx, and difficulty swallowing), consumption of pickled vegetables, salt use, and esophageal cancer incidence of villagers in a natural village in Wenfeng District, Anyang City, Henan Province. Changes in reflux esophagitis symptoms in the high-incidence area of esophageal cancer before and after 16 years were observed, and the relationship of such changes with esophageal cancer was analyzed. Results In 2008, 711 cases were epidemiologically investigated, including 213 cases with one of the symptoms of reflux esophagitis such as heartburn, acid reflux, belching, hiccups, foreign body sensation in the pharynx, and difficulty swallowing (sorted in accordance with the abovementioned symptoms; if there are multiple symptoms, then the former is taken); 55 cases with at least two related symptoms, among which the most symptom was heartburn in 108 cases (15.1%); followed by acid reflux, belching, etc. In 2024, the same group of people was investigated, and eight people were missing because of relocation. A total of 703 people were successfully investigated, of which 189 cases (26.8%) had one of the symptoms of reflux esophagitis, such as heartburn (sorted in accordance with relevant symptoms, if there are multiple symptoms, then the former will be selected); 167 cases (23.7%) had at least two related symptoms, among which the most symptom was heartburn in 139 cases (19.7%); followed by acid reflux. Over 16 years, among the 703 people investigated, 45 cases had esophageal cancer and they had one or more of the abovementioned symptoms. No significant differences in the reflux esophagitis-like symptoms were found between 2008 and 2024 (P=0.26); no significant differences in the composition of reflux esophagitis-like symptoms were found between 2008 and 2024 (P=0.299). Conclusion The detection rate of reflux esophagitis-related symptoms in the population in a high-risk area of esophageal cancer has not decreased in the past 16 years, and the high-risk factors still exist. Esophageal cancer is closely related to reflux esophagitis, and clinical practice can provide early diagnosis and treatment for high-risk population.

Rheumatoid arthritis （RA） is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis as its pathological basis. Although current therapeutic drugs can alleviate symptoms， they are often accompanied by a high risk of side effects. In recent years， the use of flavonoids from traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the treatment of RA has garnered significant attention. Studies have shown that the mechanisms by which flavonoids treat RA include inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory factors， regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways， alleviating oxidative stress， modulating immune system functions， inhibiting bone destruction， and suppressing angiogenesis. Due to their notable anti-inflammatory， antioxidant， and immunomodulatory activities， flavonoids hold promise as potential therapeutic agents for RA. A substantial number of articles in this field have been published. By reviewing Chinese and international literature and applying bibliometric and visual analysis using CiteSpace， this paper explored research hotspots and frontiers in this field， systematically reviewed the structures and anti-RA mechanisms of TCM flavonoids， provided a theoretical basis for their use in RA treatment and clinical applications， and offered new perspectives and references for the discovery of novel TCM-based anti-RA drugs.

Rheumatoid arthritis （RA） is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis as its pathological basis. Although current therapeutic drugs can alleviate symptoms， they are often accompanied by a high risk of side effects. In recent years， the use of flavonoids from traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the treatment of RA has garnered significant attention. Studies have shown that the mechanisms by which flavonoids treat RA include inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory factors， regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways， alleviating oxidative stress， modulating immune system functions， inhibiting bone destruction， and suppressing angiogenesis. Due to their notable anti-inflammatory， antioxidant， and immunomodulatory activities， flavonoids hold promise as potential therapeutic agents for RA. A substantial number of articles in this field have been published. By reviewing Chinese and international literature and applying bibliometric and visual analysis using CiteSpace， this paper explored research hotspots and frontiers in this field， systematically reviewed the structures and anti-RA mechanisms of TCM flavonoids， provided a theoretical basis for their use in RA treatment and clinical applications， and offered new perspectives and references for the discovery of novel TCM-based anti-RA drugs.

In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of biology has witnessed remarkable advancements. Among these, the most notable achievements have emerged in the domain of protein structure prediction and design, with AlphaFold and related innovations earning the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. These breakthroughs have transformed our ability to understand protein folding and molecular interactions, marking a pivotal milestone in computational biology. Looking ahead, it is foreseeable that the accurate prediction of various physicochemical properties of proteins—beyond static structure—will become the next critical frontier in this rapidly evolving field. One of the most important protein properties is thermodynamic stability, which refers to a protein’s ability to maintain its native conformation under physiological or stress conditions. Accurate prediction of protein stability, especially upon single-point mutations, plays a vital role in numerous scientific and industrial domains. These include understanding the molecular basis of disease, rational drug design, development of therapeutic proteins, design of more robust industrial enzymes, and engineering of biosensors. Consequently, the ability to reliably forecast the stability changes caused by mutations has broad and transformative implications across biomedical and biotechnological applications. Historically, protein stability was assessed via experimental methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD), which, while precise, are time-consuming and resource-intensive. This prompted the development of computational approaches, including empirical energy functions and physics-based simulations. However, these traditional models often fall short in capturing the complex, high-dimensional nature of protein conformational landscapes and mutational effects. Recent advances in machine learning (ML) have significantly improved predictive performance in this area. Early ML models used handcrafted features derived from sequence and structure, whereas modern deep learning models leverage massive datasets and learn representations directly from data. Deep neural networks (DNNs), graph neural networks (GNNs), and attention-based architectures such as transformers have shown particular promise. GNNs, in particular, excel at modeling spatial and topological relationships in molecular structures, making them well-suited for protein modeling tasks. Furthermore, attention mechanisms enable models to dynamically weigh the contribution of specific residues or regions, capturing long-range interactions and allosteric effects. Nevertheless, several key challenges remain. These include the imbalance and scarcity of high-quality experimental datasets, particularly for rare or functionally significant mutations, which can lead to biased or overfitted models. Additionally, the inherently dynamic nature of proteins—their conformational flexibility and context-dependent behavior—is difficult to encode in static structural representations. Current models often rely on a single structure or average conformation, which may overlook important aspects of stability modulation. Efforts are ongoing to incorporate multi-conformational ensembles, molecular dynamics simulations, and physics-informed learning frameworks into predictive models. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the evolution of protein thermodynamic stability prediction techniques, with emphasis on the recent progress enabled by machine learning. It highlights representative datasets, modeling strategies, evaluation benchmarks, and the integration of structural and biochemical features. The aim is to provide researchers with a structured and up-to-date reference, guiding the development of more robust, generalizable, and interpretable models for predicting protein stability changes upon mutation. As the field moves forward, the synergy between data-driven AI methods and domain-specific biological knowledge will be key to unlocking deeper understanding and broader applications of protein engineering.

Objective To understand the disease spectrum of a natural village in an area with high incidence of esophageal cancer to provide a reference for precise prevention and control. Methods From 2008 to 2024, 711 asymptomatic people over the age of 35 years in a natural village with high incidence of esophageal cancer in China were surveyed, and 171 of them were subjected to gastroscopy, biopsy, and pathological examination. All participants were followed up for a long time, and their disease history was recorded. Results A total of 16 years of follow-up were performed, and 703 people were effectively followed up. In 2008, 171 people underwent gastroscopy, and 160 people had biopsy and pathological results in endoscopic screening. By 2024, 76 people had been diagnosed with malignant tumors of 12 different types, and among these people, 45 had esophageal cancer. Conclusion Esophageal cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality from malignant tumors in this region. Biopsy and pathological examination should be strengthened during gastroscopy, and follow-ups and regular check-ups should be given high importance to reduce the incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer.

AIM: To understand the publication status, research trends, and cutting-edge and hot topics in this field by conducting a bibliometrics analysis of relevant literatures on the pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)in the past 30 a.METHODS:A total of 986 relevant literatures on the pathogenesis of POAG published on the core databases of China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)and Web of Science(WOS)from 1 September 1993 to 1 September 2023 were retrieved. CiteSpace(6.2.R.4)and VOSviewer(1.6.18)software were used to conduct knowledge graph analysis on the retrieved literature, including publication volume, author, research institution, country/region, and keywords.RESULTS:The United States(243 articles)has the highest number of publications, followed by China(121 articles). The foreign institution with the highest number of publications is Harvard University(37 articles), while domestic institutions such as Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, ophthalmology department of Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, and Peking University First Hospital tied for the highest number of publications. Louis R. Pasquale(21 articles)is the most prolific English author. Wang Ningli is the most active Chinese researcher in this field. Keywords include trabecular meshwork, intraocular pressure, aqueous humor, glucocorticoid, hemorheology, etc.CONCLUSION: The research on the pathogenesis of POAG is in a period of vigorous development. The United States has the largest number of publications in this field, and Harvard University is a leading institution in this field. The research focus in the field of POAG has shifted from the structural aspect to the genetic level, and gene research and traditional Chinese medicine treatment have broad application prospects in this field.

Objective　 : To obtain the peak skin dose (PSD) of patients with interventional cardiology procedures and toevaluate the risk of deterministic effects. Methods　 : Gafchromic XR RV3 films were used in a Level A tertiary hospital inBeijing to measure the PSD of patients who underwent interventional cardiology procedures. The measurement focused onfour common types of procedures, including coronary angiography, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty,cathet-er radiofrequency ablation, and congenital heart disease. The films were scanned by EPSON EXPRESSION 10000XL andanalyzed by FILM QA ProTM 2014 software. Results　 : PSD was measured in 59 patients with interventional cardiologypro-cedures, including 23 with coronary angiography, 21 with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, 9 with catheterradiofrequency ablation, and 6 with congenital heart disease. The seven patients with PSD ≥ 2 Gy all underwentpercu-taneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, one with PSD > 3 Gy and six with PSD < 2 Gy. Conclusion　 The PSD of somepatients with interventional cardiology surgery exceeded the dose threshold of deterministic effects recommended by theICRP 118. There is a risk of deterministic effects in interventional cardiology surgery, especially in patients withpercu-taneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

177Lu-prostate specific membrane antigen(PSMA)radio-ligand therapy has been approved abroad for advanced prostate cancer and has been in several clinical trials in China.Based on domestic clinical practice and experimental data and referred to international experience and viewpoints,the expert group forms a consensus on the clinical application of 177Lu-PSMA radio-ligand therapy in prostate cancer to guide clinical practice.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the expressions of P21,P27 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)in glomerular mesangial tissue and poor renal prognosis in patients with immunoglobulin A(IgA)nephropathy.Methods:A total of 145 patients with IgA nephropathy treated in Xiaogan Central Hospital from April 2017 to August 2019 were selected as the research object.The expressions of P21,P27 and PCNA in glomerular mesangial tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry.All patients were followed up for 24 months,and the prognosis were counted.The expressions of P21,P27 and PCNA in glomerular mesangial tissue of patients with different prognosis were compared and the influencing factors of poor prognosis in patients with IgA nephropathy were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis.Results:The expression rates of P21,P27 and PCNA positive cells in glomerular mesangial tissue of patients with IgA nephropathy were(38.69±6.83)%,(55.94±8.08)%,(33.47±5.72)%,respectively.The incidence rete of poor prognosis in patients with IgA nephropathy was 17.24%,and the expression rates of P21 and PCNA positive cells in glomerular mesangial tissue of patients with poor prognosis were higher than those in good prognosis group(P<0.05),while the expression rate of P27 positive cells was lower than that in good prognosis group(P<0.05).Logistic multiple regression analysis showed that elevated diastolic blood pressure,increased 24 h proteinuria,mesangial cell proliferation,segmental glomerulosclerosis,renal tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis,crescentic body,increased expression rates of P21 and PCNA positive cells and decreased expression rate of P27 positive cells were all risk factors affecting the poor prognosis of patients with IgA nephropathy(P<0.05).Conclusion:There are positive expressions of P21,P27 and PCNA in glomerular mesangial tissue of IgA nephropathy.The expression rates of P21 and PCNA positive cells in glomerular mesangial tissue of of patients with poor prognosis of IgA nephropathy are higher than those with good prognosis,while the expression rate of P27 protein positive cells is lower than those with good prognosis,which are risk factors for poor prognosis of patients with IgA nephropathy.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of probiotic-assisted chemotherapy in patients advanced colorectal cancer(CRC).Methods Patients with advanced CRC admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University from March 2022 to March 2023 were enrolled.CRC patients were randomly divided into the test group(Bifidobacterium triple viable capsule,capecitabine+oxaliplatin)and the control group(capecitabine+oxaliplatin)by random number table method.The short-term efficacy(objective response rate and disease control rate),incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions,Karnofsky performance status(KPS)score,and serum tumor markers CA72-4,CA19-9 and CEA levels were compared between the two groups.Results A total of 120 patients with CRC were included,including 60 patients in the test group and 60 in the control group.Compared with the control group,the objective remission rate and disease control rate in the testl group were significantly higher(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of nausea and acid reflux between the two groups(P>0.05),and the incidences of abdominal pain,bloating,constipation and diarrhea in the test group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in KPS score,serum CA72-4,serum CA19-9 and serum CEA levels between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05),and after 4 weeks of treatment,the KPS score of the test group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05),and the serum levels of CA72-4,serum CA19-9 and serum CEA were lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion Probiotics-assisted chemotherapy improve the near-term efficacy,reduce gastrointestinal adverse effects,and improve the quality of life in patients with advanced CRC.