Objective:To understand the clinical characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with renal injury after antiviral therapy in Henan Province, and to explore the risk factors of renal injury.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate HIV infection/AIDS patients receiving antiviral therapy in Zhengzhou Sixth People′s Hospital, Anyang Fifth People′s Hospital, Hebi Third People′s Hospital, Luo Yang Zhoushan Hospital and Lankao Central Hospital in Henan Province from April 1 to September 30, 2023. The clinical information including basic data, antiviral therapy regimens and comorbidities, and laboratory test results (blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, blood uric acid, urine routine, urine microalbumin, urine α 1-microglobulin (α 1-MG), urine β 2-microglobulin (β 2-MG), urine retinol binding protein (RBP), urine creatinine, HIV viral load, CD4 + T lymphocyte count) were collected. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to analyze independent risk factors for renal injury. Results:A total of 2 526 HIV infection/AIDS patients were included, with the age of (45.52±14.28) years and 2 156 (85.4%) males. The main route of transmission was sexual transmission (91.6%, 2 314/2 526). The duration of antiviral therapy was 5.00(2.92, 8.00) years. Tenofovir (TDF)+ lamivudine (3TC)+ non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) accounted for 55.3%(1 396/2 526) of the current antiviral therapy regimen. The percentage of HIV viral load <50 copies/mL was 93.0%(2 350/2 526). The CD4 + T lymphocyte count was 476(337, 645)/μL. There were 156 patients (6.2%) complicated with hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C, 205 patients (8.1%) with diabetes, 379 patients (15.0%) with hyperlipidemia, and 189 patients (7.5%) with hyperuricemia. A total of 1 040 patients (41.2%) with renal injury were found through renal function test, including 355 cases (14.1%) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/(min·1.73 m 2) or urine protein positive or urine albumin creatine ratio (UACR) ≥30 mg/g, 682 patients (27.0%) with pure tubular injury presented with only positive for urinary α 1-MG, urinary β 2-MG, or urinary RBP. eGFR< 60 mL/(min·1.73 m 2) was found in 71 cases (2.8%), eGFR from 60 to 89 mL/(min·1.73 m 2) was found in 509 cases (20.2%), and eGFR≥90 mL/(min·1.73 m 2) was found in 1 946 cases (77.0%). A total of 138 patients (5.5%) were identified as having combined chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among them, 110 patients (79.7%) were in CKD stages 1 to 2, and 117 patients (84.8%) were in urinary albumin A2 grade. Multivariate analysis of 355 patients with renal injury who had eGFR<60 mL/(min·1.73 m 2) or positive urine protein in urine routine or UACR ≥30 mg/g showed that ages of 50 to 69 years old (odds ratio( OR)=2.189, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.333 to 3.596, P=0.002)), ≥70 years old ( OR=5.190, 95% CI 2.912 to 9.248, P<0.001), female ( OR=1.685, 95% CI 1.241 to 2.286, P=0.001), combined opportunistic infection ( OR=2.521, 95% CI 1.567 to 4.056, P<0.001), combined hepatitis B ( OR=1.962, 95% CI 1.110 to 3.467, P=0.020), combined hepatitis C ( OR=1.883, 95% CI 1.043 to 3.400, P=0.036), combined diabetes ( OR=2.703, 95% CI 1.911 to 3.821, P<0.001), using TDF for two to four years ( OR=1.674, 95% CI 1.103 to 2.459, P=0.015), using TDF for greater than or equal to five years ( OR=1.880, 95% CI 1.287 to 2.746, P=0.001), using TDF combined with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) ( OR=3.610, 95% CI 2.273 to 5.734, P<0.001) and using TDF combined with non-LPV/r ( OR=1.495, 95% CI 1.036 to 2.157, P=0.031) were the risk factors of renal injury. Conclusions:There is a high proportion of renal injury among HIV infection/AIDS patients after antiviral therapy in Henan Province, including CKD and simple renal tubular injury. Older age, female, comorbidities, and long-term use of TDF are risk factors for renal injury.

In recent years， with the increasing social aging， the incidence of Alzheimer's disease （AD）， a neurodegenerative disease， is increasing. Due to its complex pathogenesis， there have been no effective prevention and treatment methods at present. The main pathological feature of AD is the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein （Tau） and amyloid β-protein （Aβ） in cells to form a large number of senile plaques. Autophagy is a protective mechanism in body that maintains homeostasis by removing abnormal proteins. Studies have shown that regulating autophagy pathway can affect Tau and Aβ in cells and achieve the purpose of treating AD. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is characterized by multiple pathways， components and targets， which has unique advantages in the treatment of AD with unknown pathogenesis. At present， the prevention and treatment of AD by TCM has achieved initial success. Researchers have found that many single TCMs and TCM compounds treat AD by affecting autophagy-related pathways and regulating the autophagy activity. Therefore， this paper summarized the relevant research in recent years， described the active components of single TCMs and TCM compounds by classification， and discussed the generation and removal of phosphorylated Tau proteins and Aβ in cells regulated by different categories of active components and compounds via influencing tautophagy-related pathways to delay the process of AD， which facilitated the prevention and treatment of AD by TCM via influencing autophagy as the breakthrough point.

Objective:To investigate the factors related to recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with posterior capsular involvment.Methods:The data of 186 PTC patients admitted and operated from Jun 2017 to Jun 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The invasion of recurrent laryngeal nerve was evaluated on its relation to gender, age, tumor size, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, lymph node metastasis in central region, BRAFV600E gene mutation especially PTC posterior capsular involvement.Results:The recurrent laryngeal nerve was invaded in 30 out of 186 patients. Univariate analysis showed that recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion was related to tumor size, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and cervical lymph node metastasis( χ2=6.964,4.814,6.078, P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that tumor size and lymph node metastasis in cervical region were independent risk factors for recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion(β=1.020,1.622, P<0.05). Hashimoto's thyroiditis was a protective factor for recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion (β=-1.881, P<0.05). Conclusions:When papillary thyroid carcinoma invaded the capsule, the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion was higher with larger tumor size and cervical lymph node metastasis, while Hashimoto's thyroiditis was a protective factor for the risk of recurrent nerve invasion.

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), a member of the Rho GTPase family which plays important roles in dendritic spine morphology and plasticity, is a key regulator of cytoskeletal reorganization in dendrites and spines. Here, we investigated whether and how Rac1 modulates synaptic transmission in mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) using selective conditional knockout of Rac1 (Rac1-cKO). Rac1-cKO significantly reduced the frequency of AMPA receptor-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, while glycine/GABA receptor-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents were not affected. Although the total GluA1 protein level was increased in Rac1-cKO mice, its expression in the membrane component was unchanged. Rac1-cKO did not affect spine-like branch density in single dendrites, but significantly reduced the dendritic complexity, which resulted in a decrease in the total number of dendritic spine-like branches. These results suggest that Rac1 selectively affects excitatory synaptic transmission in RGCs by modulating dendritic complexity.