Quantity is the key factor to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medicines. It is very important to study and determine the traditional measuring units and their quantity values of Tibetan medicine. Based on the literature records of Tibetan medicine and combined with modern experimental verification and investigation research, this study determined the reference, name, and conversion rate of traditional measuring units of Tibetan medicine. Meanwhile, through large sample sampling and repeated quantification of refe-rence of basic units, its weight and volume were clarified. The modern SI volume and weight unit values corresponding to the traditional volume and weight units of Tibetan medicine were deduced, and the correctness, reliability, and practicability of these determination results were demonstrated. This study also put forward some specific suggestions and reference values for formulating the standards of measuring units of weight and volume of Tibetan medicine. It is of great significance in guiding the processing, production, and clinical treatment of Tibetan medicine, and promoting the standardization and standardized development of Tibetan medicine.
Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; Reproducibility of Results

OBJECTIVE: To observe the regulatory effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on small airway function and exercise tolerance in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: A total of 62 patients with stable COPD were randomized into an observation group (31 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a control group (31 cases, 5 cases dropped off). On the base of routine medication and aerobic exercise, the patients of the two groups all received EA at Danzhong (CV 17), Rugen (ST 18), Guanyuan (CV 4), Zhongwan (CV 12), Tianshu (ST 25) and Yingchuang (ST 16). In the observation group, filiform needles were used and inserted perpendicularly, 3 mm in depth. In the control group, the placebo needling method was performed, in which the needle was not inserted through skin at each point. In both groups, electric stimulation with low-frequency electronic pulse instrument was exerted, with continuous wave, 2 Hz in frequency, lasting 30 min each time in the two groups. The treatment was given once every other day, 3 times a week, for 14 treatments totally. Before and after treatment, the following indexes were compared in patients between the two groups, i.e. the lung function indexes (forced expiratory volume in first second [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC], the ratio of FEV1 to FVC [FEV1/FVC], maximal voluntary ventilation [MVV], the percentage of maximal expiratory flow [MEF] at 25% of FVC exhaled [MEF25], MEF50 and MEF75 in predicted value), cardiopulmonary exercise test indexs (metabolic equivalent [METS], oxygen uptake per kg body weight [VO RESULTS: After treatment, FVC%, MVV%, MEF75%, MEF50%, VO CONCLUSION Electroacupuncture can improve the respiratory function and exercise tolerance in COPD patients through removing small airway obstruction and increasing ventilation.
Electroacupuncture ; Exercise Tolerance ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/therapy* ; Respiratory Function Tests

Objective To investigate the expression of Aurora-A in gliomas and its relationship with clinical significance of gliomas.Methods Forty glioma specimens kept with paraffin,including 8 with WHO grade Ⅰ,8 with WHO grade Ⅱ,10 with grade Ⅲ and 14 with grade Ⅳ,collected in our hospital from June 2010 to August 2012 during the surgery,were chosen in our study.The expression of Aurora-A was detected by immunohistochemistry in these 40 glioma specimens.The relationships between Aurora-A expression and clinical factors were analyzed.Results The Aurora-A protein expression mainly located in the cytoplasm and (or) nucleus; positive expression rate of Aurora-A was 72.5％ (29/40); the Aurora-A protein expression was significantly different in the glioma specimens of different pathological grades and different survival times of the patients:Aurora-A protein expression was positively related with pathological grades,and the Aurora-A protein expression in patients having survival time shorter than or equal to 3 years was significantly higher than that in patients having survival time longer than 3 years (P＜0.05).Conclusion Over-expression of Aurora-A in gliomas is correlated with prognosis of patients; Aurora-A maybe a potential marker for gliomas and a new therapy target.

Objective To investigate the Effects of conventional open craniotomy and key-hole approach on neurosurgical management of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) and on cellular immunal function of these patients.Methods Eighty-three patients with HICH,admitted to and performed operation in our hospital from September 2008 to May 2011 (53 underwent conventional open craniotomy and 30 underwent surgery via key hole approach) were chosen in our study.Their CD3,CD4 and CD8 positive cell percentage and ratio of CD4/CD8 in serum before operation and 1 and 7 d after operation were detected.The infectious complications were analyzed and prognoses were evaluated by activities of daily living (ADL) grading.Results The CD3 and CD8 positive cell percentage,and ratio of CD4/CD8 in serum 1 and 7 d after the operation were significantly decreased as compared with those before operation (P＜0.05),and those 7 d after operation were significantly increased as compared with those 1 d after operation (P＜0.05).One and 7 d after operation,the CD3 and CD8 positive cell percentage,and ratio of CD4/CD8 in the key hole approach group were significantly higher than those in the conventional open craniotomy group (P＜0.05).The postoperative pulmonary infection rate in the conventional open craniotomy group was significantly higher than that in the key hole approach group (P＜0.05).Conclusion As compared with conventional open craniotomy,surgery via key-hole approach has the same prognosis in treatment of HICH which has not yet occurred herniation,while the influence of cellular immunal function and the incidence of lung infection is relatively lower.

[Objective]To investigate the therapeutic influencing factors for surgical treatment of deep comatose patients after spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage.[Methods]The clinical data of 23 patients in deep coma due to spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage,admitted to our hospital fiom March 2003 to January 2012,were studied retrospectively.Eighteen patients received surgical treatment were divided into 2 groups depending on their different prognoses;the therapeutical effect and their prognostic factors were analyzed.[Results] The interval between onset of symptom and operation in patients having favorable outcome was significantly shorter than that in patients with unfavorable outcome (P=0.023).No significant differences on age,hospitalization time,hematoma size,presence of obstructive bydrocephalus,obliteration of perimesencephalic cistern and presence of cycle respiration were noted between the 2 groups.[Conclusion] Deep coma is not a contraindication for surgery in very recent onset patients after spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage and immediate surgical relief of brain stem compression is the most important factor for reduction mortality in patients with spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage.

Background The filtering surgery is the main method of treating glaucoma.Fibrosis of filtering bleb is a key cause of failure of operation.The study about application of anti-scaring drug in filtering surgery is a hotspot.Objective Present study was to investigate the anti-scaring effect of paclitaxel aher trabeculectomy.Methods Thirty-two adult clean domestic rabbits underwent standardized trabeculectomy and randomly divided into 4 groups.Normal saline solution was used beneath the scleral flap during trabeculectomy for 3 minutes in 16 eyes of 8 rabbits as controls.0.3 g/L mitomycin C,0.2 g/L paclitaxel or 0.3 g/L paclitaxel was administered at the same way respectively in other 3 groups.Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured,and eye numbers with function blebs were compared among 4 groups at the 4th,7th,14th and 28th day after surgery.The opening of filtration tunnel and the number of inflammatory cells were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining,and proliferation of new collagen fibers was evaluated by Masson trichrome method.This study complied with the Regulations for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission(version 1988). Results No significant differences were found in the change of lOP among 4 groups before operation(F=0.54,P=0.83)and the 4th day aher operation(F=0.57,P=0.87).The IOP value was statistically lower in 0.3 g/L mitomycin C group,0.2 g/L paclitaxel group and 0.3 s/L paelitaxel group than the normal saline solution group(P＜0.05)with the lowest value in 0.3 s/L paclitaxel group in 7,14,28 days after operation(P＜0.05).Functional filtering bleb was seen in all the rabbit eyes in the 4th day after operation.In 7,14,28 days after operation,the number of eyes with functional bleb wag evidently more in 0.3 g/L mitomycin C group,0.2 g/L paclitaxel group and 0.3 g/L paclitaxel group compared with normal saline group(P＜0.05).The histological examination showed that the infiltration of inflammatory cells in filtering tunnel was much more obvious in normal saline solution group than the other groups with the most mild response in 0.3 g/L paclitaxel group.Masson trichrome revealed that proliferation of new collagen fibers in 0.3 g/L paclitaxel group was significantly decreased in comparison with those in other three groups at the 4th,7th,14th and 28th day after surgery(all P＜0.05). Conclusion Paclitaxel can inhibit the inflammatory response and collagen fibrosis and therefore open the filtering tunnel after it be used topically during the glaucoma trabeculectomy.

ObjectiveTo investigate the current status of Kaschin-Beck disease in Shandong province, and to provide a scientific basis for decision-making in controlling the disease. Methods According to the National Monitoring Program of Kaschin-Beck disease requirements, historical serious villages of Kaschin-Beck disease in Qingzhou of Shandong province were selected annually; children aged 7 to 16 were chosen to receive clinical examination and children aged 7 to 12 were taken X-ray examination. Clinical and X-ray diagnosis was carried out according to the Diagnostic Criteria of Kashin Beck Disease(GB 16003-1995). Results From 1996 to 2010, in 53 diseased villages, three thousand three hundred and eighteen school children aged 7 to 16 were clinically diagnosed, and child Kaschin-Beck disease of degree Ⅰ and above were not detected; three thousand and ninety-one school children aged 7 to 12 were examined by X-ray, forty cases were found positive, and the total positive rate was 1.29％(40/3091 ). The year with the highest positive rate was 2002, and the rate was 3.49％(13/372) ; the positive rate was 0 in 1996 and 2008. The difference of the X-ray positive rate between each year was statistically significant(x2 =31.54, P ＜ 0.01 ). ConclusionsChild Kashin-Beck disease in Qingzhou is basically under control.Since etiology of Kashin-Beck disease is still unclear, surveillance of the disease still needs to be strengthened.

Objective To establish information management systems of drinking water defluoridation project in water-related endemic fluorosis areas and investigate the status of drinking water defluoridation project in Liaoning, provide the basis for the development of control measures. Methods Global positioning systems (GPS)and geographic information systems(GIS) were used in the study in August 2006 - July 2008. Water defluoridation projects of 1234 in 48 counties(cities, districts) in drinking water type of fluorosis areas were positioned. Latitude and longitude, water samples, water fluoride content were collected or tested. GIS was used to establish information management system of water defluoridation projects. Results We have established information management system for the facilities of decreasing water fluorine in drinking water type of endemic fluorosis regions in Liaoning. One thousand two hundred and thirty four defluoridation facilities distributed in east longitude between 39.39° - 43.37°,north latitude between 119.25° - 125.50°, and altitude between - 6.60 and 801.14 meter in 48 endemic fluorosis counties in 13 cities. Nine hundred and twenty seven facilities for decreasing fluorine were able to supply water regularly, accounting for 75.1% of investigated projects;29 facilities was .not yet completely rebuilt, accounting for 2.4%;278 facilities(supply water for 344 villages) were out of order or discarded for 22.5% of investigated projects.Water fluorine contents of 63 facilities were greater than 1.2 mg/L, accounting for 6.8% of investigation project.Facilities working regularly and water fluorine was in accord with hygienic standard for drinking water facilities were 70.0%. Conclusions The establishment of Liaoning province defluoridation project information management system in the whole province of drinking water type of fluorosis areas provides scientific basis for accurate decision-making on prevention and control of the disease.

Objective To evaluate the safety and effcacy of intracomnary autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells(BM-MNCs)transplantation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM).Methods On top of standard therapy,DCM patients received BM-MNCs transplantation(n=71)or saline injection (n=187).The baseline clinical characteristics of two groups were comparable.Data on echocardiography,Holter,six-minute-walk test,cardiac SPECT and annual hospital days were obrained in all patients at baseline,1,3,6,12 and 24 months after transplantation.Results Six-minute-walk distance was significantly longer at one month[(345±76)m vs. (286±104)m,P<0.05]and thereafter(all P<0.05)in BM-MNCs group compared with saline group.Left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)at one month in BM-MNCs group was significantly higher compared with saline group[(41.5±9.4)%vs.(37.3± 6.6)%,P<0.05]and with pre-transplantation value[(41.5±9.4)%vs.(32.4±8.5)%,P<0.05] while LVEF was similar at 24 months after transplantation between the two groups[(43.6±6.3)%vs.(43.2±6.0)%.P>0.05 ].Three months after transplantation,the number of ischemic segments of BM-MNCs group wag significantly reduced compared with that of saline group(2.0±1.0 vs.3.1 ±1.4,P<0.05)and with baseline(2.0±1.0 vs.3.1±1.2,P<0.05)while the number of necrotic segments were similar in both groups during the follow-up.There were no significant difference in survival between two groups during 2 years follow·up(95.4%vs.94.9%,P>0.05)but the aflnual hospitalization days of BM-MNCs group was significantly lower than that of saline group[(23.6±13.4)d vs.(33.0±14.0)d,P>0.05].Conclusions Intracoronary transplantation of autologous BM.MNCs was safe and could increase LVEF and the six-minute-walk distance and reduce hospitalization days for patients witIl dilated cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVESevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease that first manifested in humans in November 2002. The SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been identified as the causal agent, but the pathology and pathogenesis are still not quite clear.

METHODSPost-mortem lung samples from six patients who died from SARS from April to July 2003 were studied by light and electron microscopy, Masson trichromal staining and immunohistochemistry. Evidence of infection with the SARS-CoV was determined by reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) , serological examination and electron microscopy.

RESULTSFour of six patients had serological and RT-PCR evidence of recent infection of SARS-CoV. Morphologic changes are summarized as follows: (1) Diffuse and bilateral lung consolidation was seen in all patients (6/6) with increasing lung weight. (2) Diffuse alveolar damage was universal (6/6) with hyaline membrane formation (6/6), intra-alveolar edema/hemorrhage (6/6), fibrin deposition (6/6), pneumocyte desquamation (6/6). A marked disruption in the integrity of the alveolar epithelium was confirmed by immunostaining for the epithelial marker AE1/AE3 (6/6). (3) Type II pneumocytes, with mild hyperplasia, atypia, cytomegaly with granular amphophilic cytoplasm and intracytoplasmic lipid accumulation (5/6). (4) Giant cells in the alveoli were seen in five of 6 patients (5/6) , most of which were positive for the epithelial marker AE1/AE3 (5/6), but some cells were positive for the macrophage marker CD68(2/6). (5) A pronounced increase of macrophages were seen in the alveoli and the interstitium of the lung (6/6), which was confirmed by histological study and immunohistochemistry. (6) Haemophagocytosis was present in five of the 6 patients(5/6). (7) Lung fibrosis was seen in five patients(5/6), with alveolar septa and interstitium thickening(5/6), intraalveolar organizing exudates (6/6) and pleura thickening (4/6). Proliferation of collagen was confirmed by Masson trichromal staining, most of which was type III collagen by immunostaining. The formation of distinctive fibroblast/myofibroblast foci was seen in five patients (5/6) by light microscopy and immunochemistry. (8) Squamous metaplasia of bronchial mucosa was seen in five patients(5/6). (9) Thrombi was seen in all patients(6/6). (10) Accompanying infection was present in two patients, one was bacteria, the other was fungus. In addition, electron microscopy revealed viral particles in the cytoplasm of alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells corresponding to coronavirus.

CONCLUSIONDirect injury of SARS-CoV on alveolar epithelium, prominent macrophage infiltration and distinctive fibroblast/myofibroblast proliferation may play major roles in the pathogenesis of SARS.

Adult ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; metabolism ; Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ; metabolism ; Epithelium ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Keratins ; immunology ; Lung ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Alveoli ; pathology ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; etiology ; pathology ; SARS Virus ; isolation & purification ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; complications ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology