With the aging of the global population， osteoporosis （OP） is becoming a major public health concern worldwide. Currently， the commonly used anti-osteoporosis drugs in clinical practice have limited application due to many side effects. Therefore， developing more effective and safer strategies for the prevention and treatment of OP has become a research focus in this field. In recent years， the clinical efficacy and advantages of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in treating OP have been gradually recognized. With the deepening pharmacological research on TCM for OP prevention and treatment， it is found that the active ingredients of Scutellaria baicalensis can promote bone formation or inhibit bone resorption by regulating signaling pathways， including Wnt/β-catenin， osteoprotegerin （OB）/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand （RANKL）/RANK （OPG/RANKL/RANK）， and bone morphogenetic protein 2 （BMP-2）/Smad， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， and mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）. However， existing research on active ingredients of S. baicalensis for OP treatment is scattered， making it difficult for scholars to gain a systematic understanding of its research and application. This review summarized the literature on the active ingredients of S. baicalensis in OP treatment worldwide， clarified their mechanisms of action， and explored some issues， providing references for the integration of TCM in OP prevention and treatment.

With the aging of the global population， osteoporosis （OP） is becoming a major public health concern worldwide. Currently， the commonly used anti-osteoporosis drugs in clinical practice have limited application due to many side effects. Therefore， developing more effective and safer strategies for the prevention and treatment of OP has become a research focus in this field. In recent years， the clinical efficacy and advantages of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in treating OP have been gradually recognized. With the deepening pharmacological research on TCM for OP prevention and treatment， it is found that the active ingredients of Scutellaria baicalensis can promote bone formation or inhibit bone resorption by regulating signaling pathways， including Wnt/β-catenin， osteoprotegerin （OB）/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand （RANKL）/RANK （OPG/RANKL/RANK）， and bone morphogenetic protein 2 （BMP-2）/Smad， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， and mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）. However， existing research on active ingredients of S. baicalensis for OP treatment is scattered， making it difficult for scholars to gain a systematic understanding of its research and application. This review summarized the literature on the active ingredients of S. baicalensis in OP treatment worldwide， clarified their mechanisms of action， and explored some issues， providing references for the integration of TCM in OP prevention and treatment.

Bone Transplantation/adverse effects* ; Transplantation, Autologous/adverse effects*

ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy and predictive indicators of stellate ganglion block （SGB） as an adjunctive intervention for chronic subjective tinnitus and accumulate experience for the application of SGB in the clinical treatment of tinnitus. MethodsA retrospective review was conducted on the data of chronic subjective tinnitus patients who received SGB intervention， with unsatisfactory outcomes otherwise. Pure tone audiometry （PTA）， tinnitus loudness evaluation and Pittsburgh sleep quality index （PSQI） were used. The tinnitus handicap inventory （THI） scores were compared before and after SGB intervention. Correlation analysis and linear regression equations were employed to identify the potential indicators predicting the effectiveness of SGB intervention. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 24.0 software. ResultsBy April 2023， a total of 107 patients with chronic subjective tinnitus had undergone SGB intervention， including 67 male and 40 female， with a mean age of （45.32±11.40） years old and an average tinnitus history of （20.32±24.64） months ［16 （12~20）］. Only 7 patients （6.54%） quitted the intervention for personal reasons， which demonstrated good compliance with the intervention. No patients experienced adverse reactions such as infection at the injection site， hematoma， nerve injury， local anesthetic intoxication and so on， which revealed good safety. After SGB intervention， THI scores decreased to below 36 points in 77 patients and decrease by 10 points or more in 12 of the remaining patients， with a total effective rate of 89%. A paired sample t-test showed a significant difference in THI scores before and after SGB intervention （t=15.575， P<0.001）， indicating good improvement. Pearson correlation analysis suggested that pre-intervention THI scores and subjective tinnitus loudness were significantly positively correlated with the improvement level of THI scores （P<0.05）. Further stepwise linear regression analysis found that "pre-intervention THI scores" had statistical significance （P<0.001）， with a regression coefficient of 0.308， predicting a 17.4% improvement level in THI scores. ConclusionsDue to its good and safe short-term effects， SGB intervention can be used as a supplementary option for chronic subjective tinnitus when other interventions are not ideal， especially for patients with higher THI scores. However， further research is needed to clarify the long-term efficacy and underlying mechanisms， in order to establish a more solid theoretical basis for SGB intervention in the treatment of subjective tinnitus.

BACKGROUND:The occurrence and development of osteoarthritis is strongly associated with immune abnormalities,and the importance of various immune cells and immune mediators in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis has been continuously elucidated. OBJECTIVE:To review the role of immune cells and related cytokines in osteoarthritis disease,and provide new ideas for future research and prevention of osteoarthritis. METHODS:Taking"osteoarthritis,knee,macrophages,T cells,B cells,natural killer cells,dendritic cells,cytokines,inflammatory factors,immune cells"as search terms,relevant published literature was searched on CNKI,WanFang,VIP,PubMed and Web of Science databases.After reading the title and abstract for preliminary screening,98 articles were selected for review after reading the full text again. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the past,it was believed that the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis was associated with cartilage wear.In recent years,studies have suggested that osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory state in which immune cells are widely involved.With the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis,scholars believe that the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis is driven by early innate immune response,which will gradually catalyze degenerative changes and eventually lead to changes in the joint microenvironment.Various immune cells and cytokines are the key factors affecting the repair of osteoarthritis.Macrophages and natural killer cells participate in synovial inflammatory reaction,and T cell immune reaction participates in the degradation of osteoarthritis cartilage and aggravates the condition of osteoarthritis.Interleukin-1β secreted by immune cells,interleukin-6,tumor necrosis factor α,interleukin-17 and interleukin-37 play an important role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis,among which interleukin-1β is the most important inflammatory factor causing articular cartilage damage.Assessing immunological risk factors at the early stage of osteoarthritis can effectively treat the disease at an early stage,which can significantly reduce disability,morbidity and costs associated with osteoarthritis.At present,the immunomodulatory effect of stem cells and their derived secretions and biomaterials on the treatment of osteoarthritis has been confirmed in different experimental models,but there is still a lot of research to be done before they are used in clinical practice.With the discovery of new therapeutic targets,targeted treatment will bring new hope for the repair of clinical osteoarthritis.

Unicorn lotus is a plant tuber in the araceae family, which has therapeutic effects such as dispelling cold and dampness, dispelling wind and phlegm, and treating stroke. However, acute poisoning of fresh Unicorn lotus has been rarely reported domestically and internationally. This article reports a case of poisoning caused by chewing unicorn lotus. The patient experienced numbness in the lips, swelling and rupture of the oral cavity, continuous salivation, difficulty swallowing and obvious burning sensation in the throat, accompanied by shortness of breath and mild hypoxemia. After receiving comprehensive treatments such as oxygen therapy, electrocardiographic monitoring, cleaning of necrotic oral mucosa, anti infection, inhibition of oral salivary secretion, and nutritional support, the patient finally recovered and was discharged.

Unicorn lotus is a plant tuber in the araceae family, which has therapeutic effects such as dispelling cold and dampness, dispelling wind and phlegm, and treating stroke. However, acute poisoning of fresh Unicorn lotus has been rarely reported domestically and internationally. This article reports a case of poisoning caused by chewing unicorn lotus. The patient experienced numbness in the lips, swelling and rupture of the oral cavity, continuous salivation, difficulty swallowing and obvious burning sensation in the throat, accompanied by shortness of breath and mild hypoxemia. After receiving comprehensive treatments such as oxygen therapy, electrocardiographic monitoring, cleaning of necrotic oral mucosa, anti infection, inhibition of oral salivary secretion, and nutritional support, the patient finally recovered and was discharged.

Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)is the most frequent liver disease worldwide,resulting in severe harm to personal health and posing a serious burden to public health.Based on the reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of scutellarin(SCU),this study investigated its protective role in male BALB/c mice with acute alcoholic liver injury after oral administration(10,25,and 50 mg/kg).The results indicated that SCU could lessen serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels and improve the histopathological changes in acute alcoholic liver;it reduced alcohol-induced malondialdehyde(MDA)content and increased glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),catalase(CAT),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity.Furthermore,SCU decreased tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),and IL-1β messenger RNA(mRNA)expression levels,weakened inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)activity,and inhibited nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome activation.Mechanistically,SCU suppressed cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1(CYP2E1)upregulation triggered by alcohol,increased the expression of oxidative stress-related nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)pathways,and suppressed the inflammation-related degradation of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)-α(IκBα)as well as activation of NF-κB by mediating the protein kinase B(AKT)and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)pathways.These findings demonstrate that SCU protects against acute alcoholic liver injury via inhibiting oxidative stress by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppressing inflammation by regulating the AKT,p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathways.

Objective:To investigate effects of the autophagy inducer rapamycin and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine on viral structures and biosynthesis of functional proteins in dorsal root ganglia in a guinea pig model of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, and to explore their possible mechanisms.Methods:VZV was cultured and proliferated in human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELFs) , and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from guinea pigs. VZV-HELFs and PBMCs were co-cultured for 18-20 hours, and VZV-PBMCs were collected by centrifugation. Thirty-two guinea pigs were randomly and equally divided into 4 groups (8 mice in each group) : blank control group was injected with autologous PBMCs via the medial canthal venous plexus; autophagy inhibition group, autophagy induction group, and VZV infection group were intraperitoneally injected with 3 mg/kg 3-methyladenine solution, 0.5 mg/kg rapamycin solution, and the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution respectively, followed 2 hours later by injections with 50 μl of VZV-PBMCs via the medial canthal venous plexus. Fourteen days later, the guinea pigs in each group were sacrificed, and dorsal root ganglion tissues were collected. The transmission electron microscope was used to observe the morphology of virus particles, as well as the morphology and number of autophagic vesicles, Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression of VZV nucleocapsid protein (NCP) , immediate-early protein 62 (IE62) , and autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and p62, and immunohistochemical study to determine the expression of anti-VZV antibodies in VZV-infected dorsal root ganglia. Statistical analysis was carried out by using two-independent-sample t test, one-way analysis of variance, least significant difference- t test or Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results:Nucleocapsid-containing virions and scattered autophagosomes were seen in the dorsal root ganglia in the VZV infection group under the transmission electron microscope. The number of autophagic vesicles significantly differed among the blank control group, VZV infection group, autophagy induction group and autophagy inhibition group ( M[ Q1, Q3]: 0, 5[4, 6], 7[5, 9], 0, respectively; H = 135.60, P < 0.01) , and was significantly higher in the VZV infection group than in the blank control group and autophagy inhibition group (both P < 0.05) , as well as in the autophagy induction group than in the autophagy inhibition group ( P<0.05) , but there was no significant difference between the VZV infection group and autophagy induction group ( P>0.05) . Western blot analysis showed that the expression level of IE62 protein was significantly higher in the VZV infection group (1.49 ± 0.06) than in the blank control group (0.50 ± 0.09, t = 9.17, P < 0.05) ; the expression of anti-VZV antibodies was significantly lower in the autophagy inhibition group than in the autophagy induction group and VZV infection group ( t = 9.24, 7.78, respectively, both P < 0.01) , while there was no significant difference between the autophagy induction group and VZV infection group ( P > 0.05) . Conclusion:Autophagy occurred in the dorsal root ganglia of guinea pigs after VZV infection; the inhibition of autophagy could affect the structure of VZV and decrease the expression of VZV functional proteins in the dorsal root ganglia of guinea pigs.

Objective:To compare the diagnostic efficiency of colloidal gold dipstick method (PTH dipstick method) with that of doctors’ experience method based on nano-carbon method for rapid identification of parathyroid gland in thyroidectomy of thyroid cancer.Methods:From March to July 2020, 90 patients underwent thyroid surgery in the Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University participated in the experimental study, and 155 samples underwent empirical judgment, parathyroid dipstick and pathological examination. All operations were performed by senior specialists. SPSS statistics 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:Seventy-four cases of parathyroid gland confirmed by both pathology and empirical judgment, and 81 cases of non-parathyroid gland confirmed by pathology; 130 cases of parathyroid glands confirmed by both PTH dipstick method and pathology, and 22 cases of non-parathyroid glands confirmed by pathology. The accuracy rate of PTH dipstick method was 85.53% which was much higher than that of empirical judgment method (47.74%). The data were statistically significant ( χ2=49.14, P<0.05). The sensitivity of PTH method was 95.89%, the specificity of PTH method was 75.94%, and the Youden index was 0.7183. The sensitivity of empirical judgment method was 81.3%, the specificity of empirical judgment method was 47.74%, and the Youden index was 0.2904. Conclusions:The diagnostic efficiency of the PTH method is higher than that of empirical judgment method to identify parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery. The two methods can be used together to increase the protection of parathyroid gland during operation.