A comprehensive analytical method based on ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole/linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) was established for simultaneous determination of the content of 45 bioactive constituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids, phenolic acids, and nucleosides in Epimedium brevicornum. The multiple bioactive constituents in leaves, petioles, stems and rhizomes of E. brevicornum were analyzed. The gradient elution was performed at 30 ℃ in an XBridge~® C_(18) column(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) with 0.4% formic acid aqueous solution-acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1). Single factor experiment and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the extraction conditions. Multivariate statistical analyses including systematic cluster analysis(SCA), principal component analysis(PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), and one-way analysis of variance(One-way ANOVA) were carried out to classify the samples from different parts and identify different constituents. Grey relation analysis(GRA) and entropy weight-TOPSIS analysis were performed to build a multi-index comprehensive evaluation model for different parts of E. brevicornum. The results showed that there was a good relationship between the mass concentrations of 45 constituents and the corresponding peak areas, with the correlation coefficients(r) not less than 0.999 0. The precision, repeatability, and stability of the established method were good for all the target constituents in this study, with the relative standard deviations(RSDs) less than 5.0%(0.62%-4.9%) and the average recovery of 94.51%-105.7%. The above results indicated that the bioactive constituents varied in different parts of E. brevicornum, and the overall quality followed the trend of leaves > petioles > rhizomes > stems. This study verified the rationality of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) stipulating that the medicinal part of E. brevicornum is the leaf. Moreover, our study indicated that the rhizome had the potential for medicinal development. The established method was accurate and reliable, which can be used to comprehensive evaluate and control the quality of E. brevicornum. This study provides data reference for clarifying the medicinal parts and rationally utilizing the resources of E. brevicornum.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Epimedium ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Multivariate Analysis

The world has paid a heavy price for the pandemic of the emerging respiratory communicable disease, so more concern about communicable disease surveillance and early warning has been aroused. This paper briefly reviews the establishment of the surveillance and early warning system of respiratory communicable diseases in China, discusses its future development and introduces the novel surveillance methods and early warning models for the purpose of establishment of a multi-channel surveillance and multi-dimensional early warning system of communicable diseases in the future and the improvement of the prevention and control of emerging respiratory communicable diseases in China.
Humans ; Population Surveillance/methods* ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology* ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/prevention & control* ; China/epidemiology* ; Pandemics ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control*

With the outbreak of infectious diseases, more and more attention has been paid to surveillance and early warning work. Timely and accurate monitoring data is the basis of infectious diseases prevention and control. Effective early warning methods for infectious diseases can improve the timeliness and sensitivity of early warning work. This paper briefly introduces the intelligent early warning model of infectious diseases, summarizes the emerging surveillance and early warning methods of infectious diseases, and seeks the possibility of diversified surveillance and early warning in different epidemic stages and different outbreak scenarios of infectious diseases. This paper puts forward the idea of constructing a diversified method system of infectious diseases surveillance and early warning based on multi-stages and multi-scenarios and discusses the future development trend of infectious diseases surveillance and early warning, in order to provide reference for improving the construction level of infectious diseases surveillance and early warning system in China.
Humans ; Population Surveillance/methods* ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Epidemics ; China/epidemiology*

With the outbreak of infectious diseases, more and more attention has been paid to surveillance and early warning work. Timely and accurate monitoring data is the basis of infectious diseases prevention and control. Effective early warning methods for infectious diseases can improve the timeliness and sensitivity of early warning work. This paper briefly introduces the intelligent early warning model of infectious diseases, summarizes the emerging surveillance and early warning methods of infectious diseases, and seeks the possibility of diversified surveillance and early warning in different epidemic stages and different outbreak scenarios of infectious diseases. This paper puts forward the idea of constructing a diversified method system of infectious diseases surveillance and early warning based on multi-stages and multi-scenarios and discusses the future development trend of infectious diseases surveillance and early warning, in order to provide reference for improving the construction level of infectious diseases surveillance and early warning system in China.
Humans ; Population Surveillance/methods* ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Epidemics ; China/epidemiology*

OBJECTIVE: To confirm the therapeutic effect of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) on rhesus monkeys irradiated with 5.0 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray, and provide experimental basis for clinical treatment of similar patients. METHODS: Fourteen adult rhesus monkeys were irradiated with ⁶⁰Co γ-ray on both sides at the dose of 5.0 Gy (dose rate 69.2 cGy/min) to establish the acute radiation sickness model. The monkeys were divided into irradiation group (n=5), rhTPO 5 μg/kg group (n=4) and rhTPO 10 μg/kg group (n=5). Two hours after irradiation, the three groups of monkeys were injected with saline 0.1 ml/kg, rhTPO 5 μg/kg（0.1 ml/kg） and rhTPO 10 μg/kg(0.2 ml/kg), respectively. The general signs, survival, peripheral hemogram and serum biochemistry of rhesus monkeys were observed before and after irradiation, and the differences between rhTPO group and irradiation control group were compared. RESULTS: After total body irradiation with 5.0 Gy⁶⁰Co γ-ray, rhesus monkeys successively showed fever, hemorrhage, sharp decrease of whole blood cell counts in peripheral blood and disorder of serum biochemical indexes. Compared with the irradiated control group, a single intramuscular injection of rhTPO 5 μg/kg or 10 μg/kg 2 hours after irradiation could improve the symptoms of fever and bleeding, increase the nadir of peripheral red blood cells and platelets counts, shorten the duration of hemocytopenia, and advance the time for blood cells to return to the pre-irradiation level. The serum biochemical results showed that rhTPO could improve the abnormality of serum biochemical indexes in rhesus monkeys induced by 5.0 Gy total body irradiation to some extent. Compared with the two administration groups, the therapeutic effect of rhTPO 10 μg/ kg was better. CONCLUSION A single injection of rhTPO 5 μg/ kg or 10 μg/ kg 2 hours after irradiation can alleviate the injury of multilineage hematopoiesis and promote the recovery in monkeys irradiated by 5.0 Gy γ-ray. It also improves animal signs and has obvious therapeutic effect on acute radiation sickness.
Humans ; Animals ; Macaca mulatta ; Radiation Injuries

A comprehensive analytical method based on ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole/linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) was established for simultaneous determination of the content of 38 active components in Abelmoschi Corolla, including flavonoids, organic acids, nucleosides and amino acids, so as to investigate the effects of different harvesting and processing methods on multi-active components in Abelmoschi Corolla. The chromatographic separation was performed on a XBridg®C_(18) column(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) with(0.1% formic acid water) methanol-acetonitrile(1∶1) as the mobile phase for gradient elution at 30 ℃. The flow rate was 0.5 mL·min~(-1). The components were detected in a multiple-reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. The gray relational analysis(GRA) was used to comprehensively evaluate the multiple active components of Abelmoschi Corolla at different harvesting times and drying temperatures. The results showed that 38 components had a good linearity with correlation coefficients all above 0.999 0. The method featured a good precision, repeatability and stability with the relative stan-dard deviations(RSDs) of less than 5.0%. Recoveries ranged from 98.06% to 104.4% with RSD between 0.22% and 4.9%. The results of GRA indicated that a better quality in the samples collected on September 9 th. Samples dried at 90 ℃ had a better quality. The established method is accurate and reliable, and can be used to assess the internal quality of Abelmoschi Corolla. This study can provide basic materials for determining appropriate harvesting time and processing method of Abelmoschi Corolla.
Amino Acids ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Nucleosides ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

BACKGROUND:It has been reported that 70％ of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are negative for cytogenetic and genetic markers within 1-5 months after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT),but there are still some patients who have repeatedly varied outcomes in cytogenetic and genetic marker detection.Overall,the negative rate is up to 89.5％ at 3-12 months after allo-HSCT.OBJECTIVE:To monitor the changes in cytogenetic and genetic marker expression and to explore the prognostic significance in CML patients undergoing allo-HSCT.METHODS:Seventeen CML patients who had undergone allo-HSCT were enrolled.Chromosome G banding pattern of the bone marrow from these patients were analyzed using short-term culture method and direct method at 30 days,2,3,4,6,12,24,36,48,60,72 months after allo-HSCT.Dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to detect bcr-abl fusion gene;bcr-abl expressions in primary bone marrow ceils from CML patients were detected using RQ-PCR.Results and conclusion:There were 8/17 cases of male patient/male donor and 7/17cases of male patient/female donor (compatriots).46XX karyotype (women) was detected by multiple reexaminations after transplantation,and there was no Y chromosome or other aberration of chromosome karyotype in their karyotype.Among the 17 cases,1 case of female patient/female donor (compatriots) and 1 case of female patient/male donor (unrelated) manifested 46 XY chromosome karyotype and bcr-abl positive at 1 month after transplantation;after 4 months,these two cases still maintained 46 XY chromosome karyotype but bcr-abl negative;after 4-96 months,the karyotype continued to remain as 46 XY,and bcr-abl (-).Among the 17 cases,1 case of male patient/male donor of full-matched compatriot (brother) manifested that Ph chromosomal bcr-abl gene continuously expressed within 1-12 months after allo-HSCT;then the cases was given donor lymphocyte infusion,and the bcr-abl expression returned to be negative at 48 months after transplantation.To conclude,chromosomal karyotype analysis and bcr-abl fusion gene monitoring provide important reference value for subsequent treatment options and prognosis judgment for CML patients with allo-HSCT.

OBJECTIVETo compare the therapeutic effects of prednisone combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) versus cyclosporin A (CsA) in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS).

METHODSThe clinical data of 164 SRNS children who were treated with prednisone combined with MMF or CsA between January 2004 and December 2013 were collected, and the clinical effect of prednisone combined with MMF (MMF group, 112 children) or CsA (CsA group, 52 children) was analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTSAt 1 month after treatment, the CsA group had a significantly higher remission rate than the MMF group (67.3% vs 42.9%; P<0.05). At 3 months after treatment, the CsA group also had a significantly higher remission rate than the MMF group (78.8% vs 63.3%; P<0.05). The 24-hour urinary protein excretion in both groups changed significantly with time (P<0.05) and differed significantly between the two groups (P<0.05). There were no serious adverse events in the two groups.

CONCLUSIONSPrednisone combined with MMF or CsA is effective and safe for the treatment of SRNS in children, and within 3 months of treatment, CsA has a better effect than MMF.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cyclosporine ; administration & dosage ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; administration & dosage ; Infant ; Male ; Mycophenolic Acid ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; drug therapy ; Prednisone ; administration & dosage ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical characteristics of children with an initial onset of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome and compare them with children with primary nephrotic syndrome, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the differential diagnosis of the two diseases.

METHODSFifty children diagnosed with an initial onset of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome were included in this study. Seventy-two children diagnosed with an initial onset of primary nephrotic syndrome served as the control group. The clinical and laboratory examination characteristics were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThe IgA nephropathy group had significantly higher incidence rates of gross haematuria, microscopic haematuria, hypertension, acute kidney injury, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, anemia, low serum complement C4, steroid resistance, and nephritis-type nephrotic syndrome and a significantly lower incidence of elevated serum IgE compared with the control group (P<0.05). There were significant differences in serum creatinine, serum uric acid, serum total cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum IgE, serum complement C4, and hemoglobin levels between the IgA nephropathy and the control groups (P<0.05). The thresholds of serum IgE (<131.2 IU/mL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<1.35 mmol/L) were reference parameters in the differential diagnosis of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome and primary nephrotic syndrome.

CONCLUSIONSChildren with IgA nephropathy presenting nephrotic syndrome manifest mainly as nephritis type and steroid-resistant type in the clinical classification. Cinical manifestations accompanied by serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and IgE are helpful for differential diagnosis of IgA nephropathy presenting nephrotic syndrome and primary nephrotic syndrome.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Complement C4 ; analysis ; Female ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; blood ; complications ; Hematuria ; etiology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; blood ; complications

OBJECTIVETo study the significance of trace immunoglobulin M (IgM) deposits in glomerular mesangium in children with minimal change primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS).

METHODSOne hundred and six children who were clinically diagnosed with PNS and pathologically diagnosed with minimal change disease (MCD) and trace deposition of IgM in renal tissues were enrolled as subjects. Eighty-one PNS children with MCD but no deposition of immune complexes were used as the control group. The clinical characteristics and efficacies of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants were retrospectively analyzed in the two groups. All patients were given full-dose prednisone by oral administration, and patients with glucocorticoid resistance or frequent relapses were additionally given immunosuppressants.

RESULTSThe incidence of glucocorticoid resistance in the IgM deposit group was significantly higher than that in the control group (27.2% vs 12.3%; P<0.05). The incidence of frequent relapses in the IgM deposit group was also significantly higher than that in the control group (48.1% vs 10.4%; P<0.05). The complete remission rate for glucocorticoid-resistant patients treated with prednisone combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was 68% and 62% respectively in the IgM deposit and control groups (P>0.05). The relapse frequency in patients with frequent relapses was significantly reduced in both groups after treatment with prednisone and MMF in combination (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTrace deposition of IgM in renal tissues may be an important factor for glucocorticoid resistance and frequent relapses in PNS children with MCD. Prednisone combined with MMF may be a better choice in the treatment of patients with glucocorticoid resistance or frequent relapses.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance ; Female ; Glomerular Mesangium ; immunology ; Glucocorticoids ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; analysis ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Infant ; Male ; Nephrosis, Lipoid ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Retrospective Studies