Objective:To explore the application of the semi-flipped classroom combined with knowledge point auction learning method in the theoretical teaching among stomatological students and its effectiveness.Methods:Undergraduates from four classes at Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University were taken as research subjects. Students from two classes ( n=198) were taught using the semi-flipped classroom combined with the knowledge point auction learning method, while students from the other two classes ( n=172) were taught with the regular classroom teaching method as controls. Classroom quizzes were used to compare the two classes' mastery of important and difficult points, and a questionnaire was used to investigate students' feedback on the class outcomes. SPSS 22.0 was used for the independent samples t-test. Results:The mean test score of the experimental class was higher than that of the control class (88.51±11.02 vs. 80.40±8.53). The results of the questionnaire showed that students' interest in the course, comprehension and absorption of knowledge points, degree of satisfaction with the class, and mastery of the contents in sections in the experimental class were significantly higher than those in the control class (7.28±1.51 vs. 9.10±0.73, 6.92±1.44 vs. 8.69±1.62, 6.09±1.87 vs. 7.61±1.46, 6.40±1.04 vs. 7.70±0.86 ).Conclusions:The semi-flipped classroom combined with the knowledge point auction learning method is innovative and achieves good teaching outcomes. It holds promise for wider use in the theoretical teaching of various clinical subjects. To explore the application of the semi-flipped classroom combined with knowledge point auction learning method in the theoretical teaching among stomatological students and its effectiveness.

Objective To analyze the economic burden due to healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in low birth weight(LBW)infants,and provide theoretical basis for formulating HAI related policies.Methods The data of LBW infants in a tertiary first-class hospital from January 2018 to December 2022 were retrospectively collected.Propensity score matching method and marginal analysis were adopted to evaluate the economic losses in LBW in-fants and hospitals due to HAI.Results A total of 1 048 LBW infants were included in analysis,124 of whom had HAI,with HAI incidence of 11.8％.A total of 109 pairs were successfully matched using the propensity score matching method.The median length of hospital stay for LBW infants in the HAI group and non-HAI group were 34.0 and 11.0 days,respectively,the length of hospital extended 23 days in LBW infants in the HAI group(P＜0.001).The median hospitalization expenses for LBW infants in HAI group and non-HAI group were 38 067.6 and 12 375.7 Yuan,respectively,the hospitalization expense for LBW infants in HAI group was 25 691.9 Yuan more than non-HAI group(P＜0.001).The major increased expenses were examination,treatment and medication fees.The total hospitalization expenses in different birth weight LBW infants in HAI group were all higher than non-HAI group,and the differences were all statistically significant(all P＜0.05).LBW infants with gestational age＜32 weeks had longer length of hospital stay and higher total hospitalization expense,differences were all statistically significant(all P＜0.05).When the marginal profit ratios were 5％,10％,and 15％,respectively,the economic losses caused by HAI were 371 000 Yuan,742 000 Yuan,and 1 114 000 Yuan,respectively;The ratios of loss-profit and loss-profit to infection coefficient were 0.33 and 2.79,respectively.Conclusion HAI cause significant economic losses to both LBW infants and hospitals.Infants with a birth weight ≤1 000 g and those with a gestational age＜32 weeks are key populations for prevention and control.The lost-profit to infection coefficient can be used to estimate the economic loss of the hospital,timely adjust infection control measures,and reduce the incidence of HAI.

AIM To study the amino acids and proteins in 16 batches of commercial fish swim-bladders with different origins.METHODS A high performance liquid chromatography method based on pre-column derivatization using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate(AQC)was developed for the determination of contents and components of 17 amino acids in fish swim-bladders.Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)was performed to analyze the molecular weight distribution of proteins from different fish swim-bladders,and proteins in fish swim-bladders were identified by proteomics method.RESULTS The result showed that the determination of 17 amino acids had a good linear relationship(R2≥0.998 0).The average recovery rate was 85.62%-109.60%and the relative standard deviations of precision,stability and repeatability were less than 3.5%.The total content of the 17 amino acids in 16 batches of fish swim-bladders ranged from 468.31 mg/g to 620.05 mg/g.A total of 688 proteins including 11 collagens were identified from 16 batches of fish swim-bladder samples and a plenty of low-abundance proteins at 52-95 kDa were also detected in fish swim-bladders by SDS-PAGE.CONCLUSION This study provides a good reference for the quality evaluation and further utilization of fish swim-bladders.

Objective To investigate the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)on the expression of genes related to ovarian steroid synthesis in mice and its underlying mechanism.Methods A transgenic mouse model with tetracycline-reversible regulation of VEGF expression was used,and the genotype of mice was identified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Twenty mice were divided into normal VEGF expression group(Dox+,n=10)and VEGF expression inhibition group(Dox-,n=10)by feeding them doxycycline.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of VEGF protein in ovarian tissues.Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of VEGF,KDR and genes known to play roles in follicle development,such as follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)and inhibin B(INHBB).HE staining was used to observe changes in ovarian tissue.Total RNA was extracted from mouse ovarian tissues for transcriptome sequencing,and the relevant differential genes were analyzed by FPKM and log2FC values.Results Compared with the Dox+group,the mRNA and protein levels of VEGF in the Dox-group significantly reduced,and the mRNA levels of KDR also significantly decreased(P<0.05).HE staining results showed that compared with the Dox+group,follicular development was impaired and atresia follicles appeared in the Dox-group.Sequencing analysis identified that significant differences in follicular development-related genes and steroid synthesis-related genes between the two groups(P<0.05).Enrichment analysis showed that VEGF in mouse ovaries mainly regulates ovarian steroidogenesis and other pathways.Fluorescence quantitative PCR results demonstrated that compared with the Dox+group,the follicular development-related genes(INHBB and FSHR)in the ovarian tissues of the Dox-group were significantly up-regulated(P<0.05),whereas the key genes of steroid synthesis(StAR,CYP11A1,3β-HSD)were significantly down-regulated(P<0.05).The quantitative results were basically consistent with the sequencing results.Conclusion Mice with inhibited VEGF exhibited ovarian follicular dysplasia,potentially due to the mechanism whereby VEGF inhibition downregulated the expression of genes associated with steroid synthesis,such as FSH and INHBB,thereby obstructing cholesterol metabolism.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of nootkatone(NKT)in mitigating depression-like behavior caused by blast traumatic brain injury(TBI).Methods The rat bTBI depression-like model was established by simulating the shock wave parameters of blast overpressure(BOP of 60 kPa,90 kPa,and 120 kPa)with a biological shock wave tube.After 14 days of exposure,we evaluated the depression-like behavior of rats using the tail suspension test and forced swimming test.We identified that the BOP(120 kPa)condition caused the most noticeable depressive behavior and used this condition for subsequent experiments.Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,bTBI group(BOP of 120 kPa),and bTBI+NKT group[at 1 d after exposure to BOP of 120 kPa,giving NKT 10 mg/(kg·d)orally for 14 days],10 in each group.After 14 days of exposure,the depression-like behavior of rats was evaluated by tail suspension test and forced swimming test.The expression levels of protein kinase A(PKA),phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate effector binding protein(pCREB),and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)in the hippocampus of rat were determined by Western blotting.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the generation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)-labeled neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus(DG).Results BOP of 90 kPa can cause depression-like in rats and BOP of 120 kPa can cause the most noticeable depressive behavior(P<0.05).Therefore,we selected the BOP exposure of 120 kPa for subsequent experiments.After 14 days of BOP exposure,compared with sham operation group,the immobility time of tad suspension test in bTBI group was prolonged(P<0.05),the latency of for ced swimming test was shortened,the immobility time was prolonged(P<0.05),the expression levels of PKA,pCREB and BDNF protein in hippocampus were lowered(P<0.05),and the number of PCNA-labeled neurons in hippocampal DG area was reduced(P<0.05);compared with the bTBI group,the immobility time of tail suspension test in bTBI+NKT group was shortened(P<0.05),the latency of forced swimming test was prolonged,the immobility time was shortened(P<0.05),the expression levels of PKA,pCREB and BDNF protein in hippocampus were increased(P<0.05),and the number of PCNA-labeled neurons in hippocampal DG area was increased(P<0.05).Conclusions Early treatment with NKT can improve depression-like behavior in mild bTBI rats.The mechanism may be related to the up-regulation of the PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway and increased expression levels of pCREB and BDNF in the hippocampus,which results in increased neuron numbers in the DG region of the hippocampus.

Aim To study the effect of emetine on in-sulin secretion through glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor(GLP-1R).Methods Isolating rat islets were used to carry out insulin secretion experiment.Islets were incubated with different concentrations of emetine(2,10,50 μmol·L-1),different concentrations of glu-cose solution(2.8,11.1,16.7 mmol·L-1)or spe-cific GLP-1R antagonist Exendin(9-39).The amount of insulin secretion in the supernatant of each group was determined by an enzyme-linked radioimmunoas-say.Small molecule compounds were docked to GLP-1R(PDB code:5NX2)using SYBYL-X2.0 software.Results Emetine could promote insulin secretion in high glucose(11.1 mmol·L-1)in a dose-dependent manner.In low glucose(2.8 mmol·L-1),insulin secretion did not change after intervention of emetine.But in high glucose(11.1,16.7 mmol·L-1),insu-lin secretion significantly increased under the treatment of emetine in a glucose-dependent manner.The doc-king score of emetine and GLP-1R was Total Score=6.82,C Score=5,indicating that emetine had a good binding affinity with GLP-1R.Using Exendin(9-39)to block GLP-1R,the insulinotropic effect of emetine was reduced.Conclusion Emetine could promote in-sulin secretion,which is related to the activation of GLP-1R.

Objective To investigate the incidence rate,clinical characteristics,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen,China.Methods Led by Shenzhen Children's Hospital,the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Collaboration Network organized 21 institutions to collect 36 cases of neonatal stroke from January 2020 to December 2022.The incidence,clinical characteristics,treatment,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen were analyzed.Results The incidence rate of neonatal stroke in 21 hospitals from 2020 to 2022 was 1/15 137,1/6 060,and 1/7 704,respectively.Ischemic stroke accounted for 75％(27/36);boys accounted for 64％(23/36).Among the 36 neonates,31(86％)had disease onset within 3 days after birth,and 19(53％)had convulsion as the initial presentation.Cerebral MRI showed that 22 neonates(61％)had left cerebral infarction and 13(36％)had basal ganglia infarction.Magnetic resonance angiography was performed for 12 neonates,among whom 9(75％)had involvement of the middle cerebral artery.Electroencephalography was performed for 29 neonates,with sharp waves in 21 neonates(72％)and seizures in 10 neonates(34％).Symptomatic/supportive treatment varied across different hospitals.Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment was performed for 12 neonates(33％,12/36),with a mean score of(32±4)points.The prognosis of 27 neonates was followed up to around 12 months of age,with 44％(12/27)of the neonates having a good prognosis.Conclusions Ischemic stroke is the main type of neonatal stroke,often with convulsions as the initial presentation,involvement of the middle cerebral artery,sharp waves on electroencephalography,and a relatively low neurodevelopment score.Symptomatic/supportive treatment is the main treatment method,and some neonates tend to have a poor prognosis.

Clostridium difficile infection(CDI)is a major cause of hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infections in children.Current treatment for pediatric CDI primarily involves antibiotics;however,some children experience recurrence after antibiotic treatment,and those with initial recurrence remain at risk for further recurrences following subsequent antibiotic therapy.In such cases,careful consideration of treatment options is necessary.Fecal microbiota transplantation has been shown to be effective for recurrent CDI and has a high safety profile.This article reviews the latest research on the pathogenesis,risk factors,diagnosis,and treatment of pediatric CDI domestically and internationally,with a particular focus on fecal microbiota transplantation therapy.

Objective To understand the prevalence characteristics of influenza and changes of influenza virus strains,and provide reference for the prevention and control of influenza in the province.Methods Surveillance da-ta about influenza in Hunan Province from 2014 to 2023 were exported from China Influenza Surveillance Informa-tion System.Differences in the percentage of influenza-like illness(ILI)cases(percentage of influenza-like cases[ILI％]in outpatient and emergency department visits)among different years and different populations,as well as the positive rate of influenza virus in ILI specimens were compared.Results From 2014 to 2023,over 2.65 million cases of ILI were reported,with an ILI％of 4.70％.ILI％among different years presented statistically significant differences(P＜0.001).People aged 0-14 years old were the main population with ILI,accounting for 82.90％.The positive rate of influenza virus in ILI specimens was 14.14％,the positive rate of influenza virus among diffe-rent years and age groups were both significantly different(both P＜0.001).The main prevalent influenza strains from 2014 to 2023 included types A(H1N1),A(H3N2),B(Victoria),and B(Yamagata),alternating among di-fferent years.However,type B(Yamagata)strains were not detected from 2020 to 2023.There were basically two influenza prevalence seasons every year,namely winter-spring and summer.Conclusion People＜15 years old are the main population of influenza,and the prevalence peaks are in winter-spring and summer.From 2021 to 2023,the prevalence alternates mainly among 3 types:A(H1N1),A(H3N2),and B(Victoria).

Purpose::The incidence of heatstroke (HS) is not particularly high; however, once it occurs, the consequences are serious. It is reported that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is protective against brain injury in HS rats, but detailed molecular mechanisms need to be further investigated. In this study, we further explored whether CGRP inhibited neuronal apoptosis in HS rats via protein kinase A (PKA)/p-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) pathway.Methods::We established a HS rat model in a pre-warmed artificial climate chamber with a temperature of (35.5 ± 0.5) °C and a relative humidity of 60% ± 5%. Heatstress was stopped once core body temperature reaches above 41 °C. A total of 25 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with 5 animals each: control group, HS group, HS+CGRP group, HS+CGRP antagonist (CGRP8-37) group, and HS+CGRP+PKA/p-CREB pathway blocker (H89) group. A bolus injection of CGRP was administered to each rat in HS+CGRP group, CGRP8-37 (antagonist of CGRP) in HS+CGRP8-37 group, and CGRP with H89 in HS+CGRP+H89 group. Electroencephalograms were recorded and the serum concentration of S100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neuron apoptosis, activated caspase-3 and CGRP expression, as well as pathological morphology of brain tissue were detected at 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h after HS in vivo. The expression of PKA, p-CREB, and Bcl-2 in rat neurons were also detected at 2 h after HS in vitro. Exogenous CGRP, CGRP8-37, or H89 were used to determine whether CGRP plays a protective role in brain injury via PKA/p-CREB pathway. The unpaired t-test was used between the 2 samples, and the mean ± SD was used for multiple samples. Double-tailed p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results::Electroencephalogram showed significant alteration of θ (54.50 ± 11.51 vs. 31.30 ± 8.71, F = 6.790, p = 0.005) and α wave (16.60 ± 3.21 vs. 35.40 ± 11.28, F = 4.549, p = 0.020) in HS group compared to the control group 2 h after HS. The results of triphosphate gap terminal labeling (TUNEL) showed that the neuronal apoptosis of HS rats was increased in the cortex (9.67 ± 3.16 vs. 1.80 ± 1.10, F= 11.002, p = 0.001) and hippocampus (15.73 ± 8.92 vs. 2.00 ± 1.00, F = 4.089, p = 0.028), the expression of activated caspase-3 was increased in the cortex (61.76 ± 25.13 vs. 19.57 ± 17.88, F = 5.695, p = 0.009) and hippocampus (58.60 ± 23.30 vs. 17.80 ± 17.62, F = 4.628, p = 0.019); meanwhile the expression of serum NSE (5.77 ± 1.78 vs. 2.35 ± 0.56, F = 5.174, p = 0.013) and S100B (2.86 ± 0.69 vs. 1.35 ± 0.34, F= 10.982, p = 0.001) were increased significantly under HS. Exogenous CGRP decreased the concentrations of NSE and S100B, and activated the expression of caspase-3 (0.41 ± 0.09 vs. 0.23 ± 0.04, F = 32.387, p < 0.001) under HS; while CGRP8-37 increased NSE (3.99 ± 0.47 vs. 2.40 ± 0.50, F = 11.991, p = 0.000) and S100B (2.19 ± 0.43 vs. 1.42 ± 0.30, F = 4.078, p = 0.025), and activated the expression caspase-3 (0.79 ± 0.10 vs. 0.23 ± 0.04, F= 32.387, p < 0.001). For the cell experiment, CGRP increased Bcl-2 (2.01 ± 0.73 vs. 2.15 ± 0.74, F= 8.993, p < 0.001), PKA (0.88 ± 0.08 vs. 0.37 ± 0.14, F= 20.370, p < 0.001), and p-CREB (0.87 ± 0.13 vs. 0.29 ± 0.10, F= 16.759, p < 0.001) levels; while H89, a blocker of the PKA/p-CREB pathway reversed the expression. Conclusions::CGRP can protect against HS-induced neuron apoptosis via PKA/p-CREB pathway and reduce activation of caspase-3 by regulating Bcl-2. Thus CGRP may be a new target for the treatment of brain injury in HS.