Apnoeic oxygenation(AO)is the uptake of oxygen from the lungs by the patient's blood to maintain oxygenation in the absence of spontaneous breathing or mechanical positive pressure ventilation.During the administration of general anesthesia,the use of AO prolongs the patient's safe apnea time on top of preoxygenation before voluntary respiration ceases after induction and a safe airway is established,which may reduce the number of attempts at endotracheal intubation,and decrease the incidence of airway injury,hypoxemia,and hemodynamic decompensation.Over the past decade,more and more AO techniques have been applied in different clinical settings,such as perioperative airway management and"tube-free anesthe-sia".In order to deepen the understanding of AO and its applications,this article reviews the latest research progress on the mechanism,method and clinical application of AO for clinical applications provide refer-ence.

This article reviews the concept and significance of death literacy, assessment tools, current status domestically and internationally, influencing factors, and intervention measures. The aim is to provide insights for effective strategies to enhance residents' death literacy, thereby offering a new perspective for improving palliative care practices and research in China and ensuring quality of death.

The experimental class is a very important part of teaching process for medical students. Relying on the medical virtual simulation experiment center of Henan University, in this study, we select the appropriate experimental items and related knowledge content of the medical virtual simulation experiment center and post them to the students. Students are required to log in to the experimental center to strengthen the study of basic medical experimental knowledge by watching experimental videos and learning experimental principles, and then carry out virtual experimental operations. In terms of the teaching content, the required experimental virtual operation are required to complete, and in terms of teaching form, we adopt the combination of online experimental teaching course and webcast course teaching. This experimental teaching method is easy for students to accept, stimulates high enthusiasm for learning, and inspires curiosity for basic medical knowledge for the students, which significantly improves the teaching effect.

Objective:To investigate COVID-19 vaccination status and relevant adverse reactions in patients with psoriasis treated with biological agents, and to explore the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on psoriatic lesions.Methods:Clinical data were collected from 572 psoriasis patients aged 18 - 60 years, who were registered in the management system of psoriasis patients treated with biological agents in the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital from May 2019 to June 2021. The COVID-19 vaccination status was investigated by telephone interviews, and the vaccination-related information was obtained by fixed healthcare workers during a fixed time period according to a predesigned questionnaire. Measurement data were compared between two groups by using t test, and enumeration data were compared by using chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test. Results:The COVID-19 vaccination coverage rate was 43.13% (226 cases) among the 524 patients who completed the telephone interview, and was significantly lower in the biological agent treatment group (30.79%, 105/341) than in the traditional drug treatment group (66.12%, 121/183; χ2 = 60.60, P < 0.001) . The main reason for not being vaccinated was patients′ fear of vaccine safety (49.66%, 148/298) , followed by doctors′ not recommending (26.51%, 79/298) . In the biological agent treatment group after vaccination, the exacerbation of psoriatic lesions was more common in patients receiving prolonged-interval treatment (42.86%, 6/14) compared with those receiving regular treatment (4.40%, 4/91; Fisher′s exact test, P < 0.001) . Skin lesions were severely aggravated in two patients after COVID-19 vaccination, who ever experienced allergic reactions and whose skin lesions did not completely subside after the treatment with biological agents. Conclusions:The COVID-19 vaccination coverage rate was relatively low in the psoriasis patients treated with biological agents, and no serious adverse reaction was observed after vaccination. Prolonged-interval treatment due to COVID-19 vaccination ran the risk of exacerbation of skin lesions.

Objective To investigate the effect of MRE11 on the proliferation and apoptosis of esophageal squamous cancer cells and its molecular mechanism. Methods MRE11 expression was downregulated by MRE11 siRNA transfection in esophageal squamous cancer cells. The AKT agonist SC79 (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 1.8, 2 μg/ml) were used to treat cells with MRE11 inhibition for 24 h. Overexpression vector pcDNA.3.1-c-myc was constructed and co-transfected cells with MRE11 siRNA. Western blot method was used to detect the protein expressions of MRE11, p-AKT and c-myc in esophageal squamous cancer cells Ec9706 and TE-1. The Annexin-V FITC/PI kit was used to detect the apoptosis of Ec9706 and TE-1 cells; the activity of caspase-3 was detected by the Caspase-3 activity detection kit; the proliferation of Ec9706 and TE-1 cells was tested by the BrdU method. Results The protein expressions of MRE11 in Ec9706 and TE-1 cells were significantly increased, compared with human esophageal epithelial Het-1A cells. After MRE11 siRNA transfection, AKT phosphorylation and the protein expressions of MRE11 and c-myc were significantly decreased in esophageal squamous cancer cells. MRE11 inhibition significantly promoted the apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in Ec9706 and TE-1 cells, while inhibited the proliferation of Ec9706 and TE-1 cells. SC79 (1.5, 1.8 and 2 μg/ml) significantly increased AKT phosphorylation in MRE11-suppressed esophageal squamous cancer cells, and reversed the inhibitory effects of MRE11 inhibition on c-myc protein expression and cell proliferation and the promoting effect on cell apoptosis. Overexpression of c-myc inhibited the inhibitory effect of MRE11 down-regulation on cell proliferation and the promotion on caspase-3 activity. Conclusion MRE11 inhibition could effectively inhibit the proliferation of esophageal squamous cancer cells and promote cell apoptosis by regulating AKT and c-myc.

Objective:To study the effect of eye-open/closed state on 40 Hz auditory steady state response (ASSR) in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia.Methods:Thirty-eight first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients treated in Shanghai Mental Health Center from March 2010 to October 2011 were selected, and 31 healthy controls were recruited in the same period. All subjects were assessed with schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ). The 40 Hz EEG ASSR signals lasting for 3 min under open and closed eyes of all subjects were sequentially collected.Event-related spectrum perturbation (ERSP) and intertribal phase coherence (ITC) were used to evaluate ASSR. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Two-way analysis of variance was used to compare ITC and ERSP between the two groups under open and closed eyes. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between each measurement.Results:ITC in group main effect and group×the eye open/closed interaction effect were not significant (both P>0.05), but the main effect of eye-open and eye-closed was significant ( F(1, 67)=10.61, P=0.002). In the healthy control group, the ITC in eye-open state was significantly higher than that in eye-closed state ( P=0.014), and in the first-degree relatives group, the ITC in eye-open state was higher than that in eyes closed state ( P=0.039). ERSP in the main effect of eye-open and eye-closed ( F(1, 67)=0.195, P=0.660), group main effect ( F(1, 67) =0.627, P=0.431), group × the eye-open/closed interaction effect ( F(1, 67)= 1.034, P=0.313) was not significant. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was no correlation between ERSP (eye open: r=-0.260, P=0.210; eye closed: r=-0.318, P=0.122), ITC (eye open: r=-0.248, P=0.232; eye closed: r=-0.260, P=0.209) and SPQ score in the healthy control group. There was also no correlation between ERSP (eye open: r=-0.387, P=0.226; eye closed: r=-0.363, P=0.238) or ITC (eye open: r=0.126, P=0.485; eye closed: r=0.096, P=0.595) and SPQ score in the first-degree relatives group of schizophrenia. Conclusion:The regulation pattern of 40 Hz ASSR in schizophrenic first-degree relatives is not significantly impaired in the eye-open/closed state, suggesting that the open/closed regulation pattern of 40 Hz ASSR may not be a potential marker for predicting the genetic high-risk prognosis of schizophrenia.

Objective:To compare the predictive performance of the Norton Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Scale and the OH Pressure Sore Assessment Scale on pressure injury in elderly stroke patients.Methods:From January to December 2021, convenience sampling was used to select 168 elderly stroke patients admitted to the Department of Neurology, Wuxi Second People's Hospital as the research subject. The Norton Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Scale and the OH Pressure Sore Assessment Scale were used to assess the risk of pressure injury in elderly stroke patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, Youden index, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ( AUC) of each scale were calculated. The Kappa value was used to evaluate the consistency. Results:A total of 168 questionnaires were distributed, 160 valid questionnaires were recovered, and the valid recovery rate was 95.24%. The incidence of pressure injury in 160 elderly stroke patients was 9.38% (15/160) . The AUC of the Norton Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Scale was 0.805. When the total score was 12.5, the sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index of pressure ulcer prediction were 0.933, 0.559, and 0.492, respectively, with the highest predictive performance. The AUC of the OH Pressure Sore Assessment Scale was 0.803. When the total score was 5.5, the sensitivity, specificity and Youden index of pressure ulcer prediction were 0.933, 0.379, and 0.312, respectively, with the highest predictive performance. The Kappa value between the two scales was 0.588, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The Norton Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Scale was superior to the OH Pressure Sore Assessment Scale in predicting pressure injury in elderly stroke patients.

With the development of science and technology and the improvement of living standards, people's understanding of "health" has also changed. The patients with chronic diseases and the people who do not have obvious symptoms of disease all hope to further improve the quality of life as well as the sense of happiness, gain and security. Disabled people and the elderly people with degraded physical functions are in need of corresponding rehabilitation devices. These needs determine that the research scope of biomedical engineering should be expanded, so as to use modern scientific technology and medical methods to study related issues and improve the health of the people. As a result, the concept of "healthcare medical engineering" emerged. In this paper, the definition of healthcare medical engineering were proposed, its significance, characteristics, content, and outlook for the future were introduced. This paper is expected to broaden the horizons and inspire ideas of researchers engaged in biomedical engineering research for future research in finding solutions to many problems in the field of medical and health care, thereby improving the quality of medical services and management, and promoting the development of the national health industry.

Objective To compare and analyze the differences in the transcriptomics between mycelium and early yeast phases of Sporothrix schenckii (S.schenckii),and to realize the changes in transcriptome expression profiles during mycelium-to-yeast transformation.Methods A standard strain of S.schenckii (ATCC 10268) was subjected to 96-hour culture with Sabouraud medium at 25 ℃ or 36-hour culture with brain-heart infusion medium at 37 ℃ to obtain the mycelium and yeast form of S.schenckii,and then,their transcriptomes were sequenced.Functional annotation was performed for screened unigenes by comparison using several databases (such as NR,Swiss-Prot,KEGG,COG,KOG,GO and Pfam),coding sequence prediction,and gene expression analysis in each sample.Finally,the differentially expressed genes were subjected to pattern clustering,functional annotation and enrichment analysis.Results A total of 14.76 Gb valid data (clean data) were obtained,and functional annotation results were acquired in 28 094 of 43 863 assembled unigene clusters.Compared with S.schenckii in mycelium phase,there were 10 969 up-regulated genes and 199 down-regulated genes in S.schenckii in yeast phase.These differentially expressed genes were involved in protein phosphorylation,intracellular protein transport,cellular protein modification,small guanosine triphosphate-mediated signal transduction,vesicle-mediated transport,translation,intracellular signal transduction,microtubule formation,adenosine triphosphate synthesis,coupled proton transport and so on.Sixteen genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and two-component signaling pathway,which were two important signal transduction pathways involved in fungal morphogenesis,and 16 genes involved in chitin synthesis and metabolism were all confirmed to be up-regulated in S.schenckii in yeast phase.Conclusions Compared with S.schenckii in mycelium phase,great changes in gene expression profiles were observed in S.schenckii in yeast phase.These differentially expressed genes are involved in many functions,suggesting that the dimorphic transition of S.schenckii is regulated by a multi-gene network system.

Objective A case would be discussed on suspected demyelination due to electrolyte disturbance to provide references for clinical pharmacists to carry out pharmaceutical care. Methods A pharmaceutical care case on PCI postoperative acute heart failure and contrast induced nephropathy with suspected demyelization due to electrolyte disturbance was introduced through a combination of analysis on clinical symptoms,renal function,electrolyte,blood glucose level and further discussion on consciousness change reason, diuretic use, electrolyte management, and other related issues. Results Clinical pharmacist should provide more care to patients with abnormal blood sodium and osmotic pressure,pay more attention to the calculation and evaluation of rehydration sodium/filling quantity and speed, accumulate more knowledge of contrast induced nephropathy, and raise their awareness on the identification of high risk population. Conclusion Arrhythmia,heart failure,renal failure,infection can beincentives to one another,and thus doctors and pharmacists must pay more attention to the comprehensive situations.