Objective To explore the action mechanism of tauroursodeoxycholic acid(TUDCA)promoting intracellular clearance of Burkholderia pseudomallei(B.pseudomallei)in RAW264.7 macrophages.Methods After TUDCA of different concentrations were used to treat RAW264.7 cells pre-infected with B.pseudomallei for 8 h or not,flow cytometry was applied to detect the apoptosis of the infected and control cells.In addition,another endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)inhibitor 4-PBA was used to detect the apoptosis and proliferation of host cells after B.pseudomallei infection with Annexin-V/PI double staining and MTT cell proliferation assay.Furthermore,after transfected with CHOP siRNA,Western blotting and flow cytometry were employed to detect the effect of TUDCA on the expression levels of Caspase-3 and Caspase-12 and the changes in apoptotic rate after B.pseudomallei infection,respectively.Finally,the effect of TUDCA on intracellular multiplication of infected RAW264.7 cells were observed to estimate the CFU value in the presence and absence of CHOP siRNA.Results Under different concentrations of TUDCA,100 or 200 μmol/L TUDCA significantly reduced B.pseudomallei-induced apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells(P＜0.05).Meanwhile,both TUDCA and 4-PBA treatment could decrease the apoptosis induced by B.pseudomallei infection by ERS(P＜0.05).Further,the expression levels of Caspase-3 and Caspase-12 were obviously increased after B.pseudomallei infection compared with uninfected groups,but their expression levels in the siCHOP group was significantly lower than that in the siC group.Besides,flow cytometry also showed that TUDCA could reduce apoptosis induced by B.pseudomallei infection(P＜0.05),but no significant effect of TUDCA on apoptosis was observed under CHOP knockdown.Finally,intracellular CFU assay indicated that TUDCA treatment promoted the host cell clearance of B.pseudomallei(P＜0.05),but no such effect was observed in siCHOP group.Conclusion In B.pseudomallei infected RAW264.7 cells,TUDCA promotes the intracellular clearance of the bacteria by inhibiting ERS-induced apoptosis.

Objective:To study effect and mechanism of Wu-Mei-Wan on improving colonic mucosal inflammatory response and pyroptosis in rats with ulcerative colitis(UC)via regulating NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)inflam-masome.Methods:Male SD rats were selected for animal experiments.UC model was established by enema with 2,4,6-trinitroben-zene sulfonic acid.After model was established,different doses of Wu-Mei-Wan were given by gavage,negative control(NC)-lentivi-rus(LV)or NLRP3-LV were injected by tail vein.Disease activity index(DAI)of rats in each group was evaluated,length of colon was measured,pathological changes and histopathological scores,contents of IL-1β,IL-18,GSDMD-N,NLRP3 and Cleaved cas-pase-1 expressions in colon tissues were detected.Results:Typical UC pathological changes were found in colon mucosa of UC group,DAI,histopathological score,IL-1β,IL-18 contents,GSDMD-N,NLRP3 and Cleaved caspase-1 expressions in colon tissues of UC group were higher than control group,and colon length was shorter than control group(P<0.05).UC pathological changes of colon mucosa of rats in different concentrations of Wu-Mei-Wan groups were improved,DAI,histopathological score,IL-1β,IL-18 con-tents,GSDMD-N,NLRP3 and Cleaved caspase-1 expressions in colon tissues were lower than UC group,and colon length was longer than UC group(P<0.05).LV was injected simultaneously with intragastric administration of high-dose Wu-Mei-Wan,pathological changes of UC in colon mucosa of rats in NLRP3-LV+NC+high-dose Wu-Mei-Wan group was aggravated,DAI,histopathological score,IL-1β,IL-18 contents,GSDMD-N,NLRP3 and Cleaved caspase-1 expressions in colon tissues were higher than NC-LV+NC+ high-dose Wu-Mei-Wan group,and colon length was shorter than NC-LV+NC+high-dose Wu-Mei-Wan group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Wu-Mei-Wan improves colonic mucosal inflammation and pyroptosis in UC rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome.

Based on the standards of modern Chinese medicinal materials, literature and records of ancient books, this article reviewed the preliminary processing of Aucklandiae Radix and processing of its decoction pieces. There are some problems in the records of the initial processing of Aucklandiae Radix, such as lack of specific parameters, inconsistent processing sequence, unclear removal methods of fibrous roots and soil, inconsistent cutting specifications, drying methods and temperature. Different processing methods of Aucklandiae Radix decoction pieces can lead to differences in the content of their index components. From the initial processing of the producing area to softening, slicing, and then secondary drying, it may increase production costs and time, and lead to the loss of active components. There are more than 20 kinds of processing methods in ancient books, such as stirfrying, baking, simmering, grinding juice and so on. However, only paper simmering, bran stirfrying and Coptidis Rhizoma processing are commonly used at present, and other processing methods have great exploration space. Referring to the research results of freshcut processing of other Chinese materia medica containing volatile components, it is considered that the key to ensure the quality of Chinese materia medica and decoction pieces is to formulate a standardized process flow of freshcut processing of Aucklandiae Radix.

Objective To investigate the distribution of B cells in both tumor and non-tumor tissues of gastric cancer patients,analyze their phenotypic characteristics and explore the impact on T cell proliferation.Methods Immunohistochemical staining was utilized to detect the expression of B cell surface marker CD 19 in tumor and non-tumor tissues from 33 gastric cancer patients.The expression levels of chemokine receptors and immunoglobulin molecules on B cells in both tumor and non-tumor tissues were measured using flow cytometry.Chemotaxis experiments were conducted to examine the role of the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in B cell chemotaxis.B cells isolated and purified from both tissue types were co-cultured with autologous peripheral T cells to assess their effect on T cell proliferation.Results There were significantly more B cells infiltrated in tumor tissues than those infitrated in the non-tumor tissues of gastric cancer patients(P＜0.01),and CXCR4 was highly expressed on tumor-infiltrating B cells compared with B cells derived from non-tumor tissues(P＜0.05).The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)analysis indicated that the expression level of CXCL12 in tumor tissues was positively correlated with the expression level of CD19 in gastric cancer patients(r=0.15,P＜0.01).And the expression level of CXCL12 in tumor tissues of the gastric cancer patients was also positively correlated with the number of B cells infiltrated in tumor tissues.Chemotaxis experiments confirmed that the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis was involved in promoting B cell chemotaxis(P＜0.05).Although B cells in tumor and non-tumor tissues had similar levels of IgM,IgG,and IgA expression,tumor-infiltrating B cells significantly inhibited the proliferation of T cells when compared with B cells derived from non-tumor tissues(P＜0.01).Conclusion There are more B cells infiltrated in gastric cancer tissues,which may be recruited to tumor tissues through the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis,and then inhibit T cell proliferation to promote the progression of gastric cancer.

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects and pharmacological mechanisms of Yishen Xingyang capsule (YXC) in oligoasthenospermia (OA) rats.Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into eight groups of six rats each:normal control (NC);model control (MC);three different positive drug (PD);and low-, medium-, and high-dose YXC groups. A rat model of OA was established by administering glucosides of Triptery-gium wilfordii Hook. F (GTW). After YXC administration, penile erectile function was observed. The epididymis, blood, and testes of the rats were harvested for analysis of sperm quality, sex hormone levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Results: Compared with that in the MC group, penile erectile function in the YXC groups and three PD groups increased (all P<.01). Moreover, sperm quality in the YXC groups and three PD groups improved (all P < .001). The levels of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone in the three PD and YXC groups increased (all P<.05). The mitochondrial membrane potential in the three PD and YXC groups significantly improved (all P<.001). Furthermore, the YXC and three PD groups showed decreased TGF-β1 expression (all P< .05) compared with the MC group. The high-dose YXC group and three PD groups improved Smad2 and Smad4 expression (all P<.05). Conclusion: YXC improved penile erectile function and sperm quality in OA rats, and the underlying mechanism included increase in sex hormones, inhibition of sperm apoptosis, and regulation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Meanwhile, this study provides a new effective drug option for the treat-ment of OA, which is beneficial to male reproductive health and social harmony.

Objective:Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease with slow progress, which is caused by aging, obesity, trauma and other factors.It has a great impact on the daily life of middle-aged and elderly patients.Compared with traditional drug, protein and antibody therapies, stem cells are expected to radically change the medical treatment of osteoarthritis, because they have the ability to replace and repair tissues and organs such as osteoarthritis and joints, and have better homology and lower immune rejection.In different types of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells originate from the mesoderm and can differentiate into different cells to form organs originating from the mesoderm lineage.In view of its ability to differentiate into other types of cells, MSCs have also been used to treat tissues and organs of ectodermal and endodermal lineages such as diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease.Whether MSCs can differentiate into lineages other than mesoderm lineages and the efficacy of treating organ diseases of ectoderm and endoderm lineages have been debated.This review will discuss the clinical features of osteoarthritis, the developmental origin and differentiation potential of MSCs, and the role of MSCs and scaffolds in the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Objective:To explore the significance of digital orthopedic technology in surgical plan for spinal tumor and the preliminary outcomes of 3D printed vertebral bodies in spinal tumor surgery.Methods:The clinical data of 2 patients were retrospectively analyzed who had had a 3D printed vertebral body implanted at Center of Orthopaedics, Shenzhen Hospital from June 2018 to December 2019. One was a 32-year-old male, diagnosed with cervical neurinoma; the other was a 27-year-old female, diagnosed with giant cell tumor of lumbar bone. 3D virtual reconstruction of tumor and surrounding structures was established via Mimics software for surgical plan. Virtual osteotomy was simulated, their disease models and guide templates were 3D printed, and their metal artificial vertebral bodies were 3D printed after personalized design of the vertebral body diameter, porosity and procedures of reconstruction and fixation. Lesion resection and prosthesis implantation were carried out in accordance with the preoperative plan. After operation, the motor function of cervical or lumbar vertebrae, tumor recurrence, and spinal stability reconstructed were regularly observed.Results:Resections and reconstructions went uneventfully in both cases. The 2 patients were followed up for 21 and 13 months respectively. Their postoperative images showed that their 3D printed vertebral bodies fitted the neighboring vertebral bodies well. The spinal stability was reconstructed without any loosening or periprosthetic osteolysis, and the tumors were removed completely with no recurrence in both cases. Their spinal motor function was satisfactory.Conclusions:Digital orthopedic technology can offer accurate guidance in the treatment of spinal tumors. It is necessary to consider local physiological anatomy in personalized design of a metal vertebral body 3D printed. Clinical application of 3D printed metal vertebral bodies is a new strategy for spinal reconstruction following spinal tumor resection.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have shown that home-made porous tantalum has non-toxicity and good biocompatibility, and can promote osteogenesis. Herein, we explore the mechanisms of tantalum-bone interface osseointegration.OBJECTIVE:To observe the morphological characteristics and expressions of integrin β1 and fibronectin on the interface between porous tantalum and bone tissues after implantation into the right rabbit femur, and to evaluate the biological mechanisms of tantalum-bone interface osseointegration.METHODS: Animal models of bilateral femoral condyle defects were made in Japanese big ear rabbits. Porous tantalum rod and allogeneic bone were respectively implanted into the left (experimental group) and right (control group) femur of rabbits. The animal specimens at the bone defect region were taken and made into paraffin sections and hard tissue sections at postoperative 2, 4, 8 weeks for morphological observation of new bone at the junction between the tantalum rod and host bone under light microscope, for osteogenic observation of the tantalum-bone interface under scanning electron microscope, and for immunohistochemical detection of integrin β1 and fibronectin expression.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Porous tantalum was bonded closely with the host bone. The loose and thick fibrous capsule was observed in the early stage and became thinner in the late stage shown by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The new bone was visible on tantalum-bone interface. Hard tissue slicing observation showed that the new bone was seen on the porous tantalum-bone interface, blood capillaries grew into the pores at postoperative 2 weeks and the pores were full of new bone tissues at postoperative 4 and 8 weeks. Under the scanning electron microscope, the osteoblasts appeared on the tantalum surface and in the pores at the early stage, and bone maturation and lamelar bone were seen at the late stage. The immunohistochemical results showed that the expression of integrin β1 in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group at postoperative 2 weeks (P < 0.05), but the expression of fibronectin had no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). In addition, there was a decline trend in the expression of integrin β1 and fibronectin atpostoperative 2, 4, 8 weeks. To conclude, the porous tantalum material is beneficial to enhance adhesion of osteoblasts on the surface and inside the micro-pores. Increased expression of integrin β1 and fibronectin on the tantalum-bone interface at early stage may promote early osteogenesis, while their decreased expression at bone maturing stage can promote osseointegration and bone remodeling.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that the Chinese porous tantalum made in China has non-toxicity and good biocompatibility, which can promote osteogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of transforming growth factor β1 on proliferation, cel cycle and secretion of osteoblasts on porous tantalum/MG63 osteoblast-like cel composites. METHODS: Passage 3 MG63 osteoblast-like cel suspension (1×109/L) was seeded onto the porous tantalum, then the cel composites were inoculated in the medium with 0, 0.5, 5 and 10 μg/L transforming growth factor β1, respectively. The proliferation of osteoblasts was detected by cel counting kit-8 assay at 1-13 days after inoculation; the cel morphology and ultrastructure observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy; and level of col agen type I detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSON: 0.5, 5, 10 μg/L transforming growth factor β1 could promote the osteoblast proliferation, and cel proliferation in the 5 μg/L transforming growth factor β1 group was higher than that in the other groups; in the 5 μg/L transforming growth factor β1 group, laminated osteoblasts adhered on the surface and grew into inner of porous tantalum, which extended more pseudopodia toward the scaffold; osteoblasts-secreted matrix could cover the scaffold and numerous rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, dense mitochondria, Golgi apparatus as wel as matrix vesicles could be found in the cytoplasm. In addition, the level of col agen type I in the 5 μg/L transforming growth factor β1 group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that transforming growth factor β1 can promote proliferation, and col agen type I secretion of osteoblasts on porous tantalum/MG63 osteoblast-like cel composites, and the optimum mass concentration of transforming growth factor β1 is 5 μg/L.

BACKGROUND:The method of ligating or resecting rat lower limb femoral or iliac artery has been widely used to make rat models of lower limb ischemia, but there have been no stable and efective methods used to establish diabetic models of chronic atherosclerotic occlusive diseases and to evaluate the ischemic status of hindlimbs of models. OBJECTIVE: To establish type 2 diabetes rat models of lower limb ischemia by feeding with high-fat diet and to evaluate them. METHODS:Twenty rats were randomly and evenly divided into diabetes group (n=10) and control group (n=10). Rats in the diabetes group were fed with high-fat diet for 6 months, and were intraperitonealy injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. Rats in the control group were fed with normal diet for 6 months. Rats in these two groups were subjected to ligation of femoral artery to establish right lower limb ischemia models. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At the first day of modeling, color Doppler flow imaging and CT angiography showed obviously decreased blood flow suggesting the success of establishing ischemia model. At 7 and14 days after modeling, the blood flow of rats in these two groups showed a gradual recovery as detected by color Doppler flow imaging. At 28 days after modeling, blood flow of rats in the diabetes group was significantly slower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). CT angiography showed that at 28 days after modeling, only a smal amount of compensatory increase in blood flow of the blood vessels at the ligation position of proximal right lower limb femoral artery was seen in the diabetes group, while no obvious blow was observed in the distal part. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical staining showed that at 28 days after modeling, destroyed tissue structure and inflammatory cel infiltration were observed in the ischemic region and capilary density on the affected side was lower than that on the healthy side. The protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the ischemic muscle tissue of rats in the diabetes group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group (P < 0.05). These results show that diabetic rat models of lower limb ischemia can be successfuly established by long term high-fat diet feeding and femoral artery ligation and they can be validated by CT angiography.