BACKGROUND:Degenerative scoliosis is defined as a condition that occurs in adulthood with a coronal cobb angle of the spine>10° accompanied by sagittal deformity and rotational subluxation,which often produces symptoms of spinal cord and nerve compression,such as lumbar pain,lower limb pain,numbness,weakness,and neurogenic claudication.The finite element method is a mechanical analysis technique for computer modelling,which can be used for spinal mechanics research by building digital models that can realistically restore the human spine model and design modifications. OBJECTIVE:To review the application of finite element method in the etiology and treatment of degenerative scoliosis. METHODS:The literature databases CNKI,PubMed,and Web of Science were searched for articles on the application of finite element method in degenerative scoliosis published before October 2023.Search terms were"finite element analysis,biomechanics,stress analysis,degenerative scoliosis,adult spinal deformity"in Chinese and English.Fifty-four papers were finally included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The biomechanical findings from the degenerative scoliosis model constructed using the finite element method were identical to those from the in vivo experimental studies,which proves that the finite element method has a high practical value in degenerative scoliosis.(2)The study of the etiology and treatment of degenerative scoliosis by the finite element method is conducive to the prevention of the occurrence of the scoliosis,slowing down the progress of the scoliosis,the development of a more appropriate treatment plan,the reduction of complications,and the promotion of the patients'surgical operation.(3)The finite element method has gradually evolved from a single bony structure to the inclusion of soft tissues such as muscle ligaments,and the small sample content is increasingly unable to meet the research needs.(4)The finite element method has much room for exploration in degenerative scoliosis.

Immobilized enzyme-based enzyme electrode biosensors, characterized by high sensitivity and efficiency, strong specificity, and compact size, demonstrate broad application prospects in life science research, disease diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Immobilization of enzyme is a critical step in determining the performance (stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility) of the biosensors. Random immobilization (physical adsorption, covalent cross-linking, etc.) can easily bring about problems, such as decreased enzyme activity and relatively unstable immobilization. Whereas, directional immobilization utilizing amino acid residue mutation, affinity peptide fusion, or nucleotide-specific binding to restrict the orientation of the enzymes provides new possibilities to solve the problems caused by random immobilization. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and the application progress of enzyme electrode biosensors of different directional immobilization strategies for enzyme molecular sensing elements by specific amino acids (lysine, histidine, cysteine, unnatural amino acid) with functional groups introduced based on site-specific mutation, affinity peptides (gold binding peptides, carbon binding peptides, carbohydrate binding domains) fused through genetic engineering, and specific binding between nucleotides and target enzymes (proteins) were reviewed, and the application fields, advantages and limitations of various immobilized enzyme interface characterization techniques were discussed, hoping to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the creation of high-performance enzyme sensing elements and the manufacture of enzyme electrode sensors.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Flos Farfarae (FF) fumigation on cigarette smoke-induced lung injury mice, and analyze the metabolic profile of lung tissue by metabolomics. All animal experiments were conducted under the guidance and approval of the Animal Ethics Review Committee of Shanxi University (Approval number: SXULL2019014). By using HS-GC-MS to analyze volatile components of Flos Farfarae, 23 compounds were identified. The results showed that FF fumigation improved the lung tissue morphology of cigarette smoke-induced lung injury mice, lowered the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The lung tissue samples were applied for metabolomic analysis based on UHPLC-QTOF MS, the results showed that 70 metabolites were changed in the lung tissue of mice after cigarette exposure, and 35 of them could be regulated, including lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), 12-HETE, adenosine, and xanthine. These metabolites, such as LPC, 12-HETE, adenosine, and xanthine were mainly associated with the body's inflammatory response. It was observed that these metabolites are primarily involved in purine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism pathways. These findings suggest that the volatile terpenoids in the FF may regulate the metabolites associated with the inflammatory response in the lung tissue, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, 12-HETE, and adenosine, which could further alleviate lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke through the metabolic pathways of purine metabolism and others. This study proved the scientific basis of the traditional application of FF fumigation, and provided a theoretical basis for the further product development.

AIM To identify the chemical components of Longmu Qingxin Mixture by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and study its material basis for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.METHODS The sample was detected by mass spectrometry in positive and negative ion mode on a Waters CORTECS? UPLC? T3 chromatographic column.The data were analyzed with Peakview 1.2 software and matched with the Natural Products HR-MS/MS Spectral Library 1.0 database,and the components were identified in combination with literature reports.The material basis of Longmu Qingxin Mixture for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was analysed according to the identified components.RESULTS Forty chemical components were identified,including 11 flavonoids,6 monoterpene glycosides,4 triterpene saponins,3 phenolic acids,6 alkaloids etc.,which mainly derived from Radix Astragali,Radix Paeoniae Alba,Radix Scutellariae,licorice root,Ramulus Uncariae cum,etc.,baicalein,formononetin,astragaloside Ⅳ and rhynchophylline may be the material basis for the therapeutic effect of Longmu Qingxin Mixture.CONCLUSION UPLC-Q-TOF-MS can quickly identify the chemical components of Longmu Qingxin Mixture.Flavonoids,triterpene saponins and alkaloids may be the material basis for Longmu Qingxin Mixture for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,which can provide the basis for its material basis research,quality standard establishment and pharmacological study of the dismantled formula.

Foods can be contaminated with foodborne pathogens through a variety of pathways, including water, air and soil. Food safety events caused by foodborne pathogens show a serious impact on human health. However, due to the diversity of foodborne pathogens and the complexity of food matrices, the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens was difficult. The conventional microbial culture and physiological and biochemical identification can hardly meet the need of rapid detection of foodborne pathogens in the field. It is necessary to develop rapid detection technologies for foodborne pathogens. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and associated protein (Cas) are an adaptive immune systems of prokaryotes with specific recognition and cleavage of nucleic acid sequences, which shows good potential for development of nucleic acid detection and biosensing in the field. According to different forms of application, paper-based analytical devices can be categorized into test paper, lateral flow assay and microfluidic paper-based chips, etc. As a good simplicity and low-cost analytical testing tools, they show good prospects in the field of rapid testing. Therefore, the rapid and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogens can be realized by combining the efficient recognition ability of CRISPR/Cas system and the simplicity of paper-based analytical devices. In this paper, we briefly introduce an overview of the CRISPR/Cas system for nucleic acid detection, and this section focuses on an overview of the features and principles of the class 2 system, including types II, V and VI, which uses a single effector. The application of CRISPR/Cas system based test paper analysis, lateral flow assay and microfluidic paper-based chips for the detection of foodborne pathogens are highlighted in the paper, and finally the advantages, current challenges and future prospects of CRISPR/Cas system in combination with paper-based analytical devices to establish detection methods are discussed.

Purpose::To identify the risk factors for training-related lower extremity muscle injuries in young males by a non-invasive method of body composition analysis.Methods::A total of 282 healthy young male volunteers aged 18 -20 years participated in this cohort study. Injury location, degree, and injury rate were adjusted by a questionnaire based on the overuse injury assessment methods used in epidemiological studies of sports injuries. The occurrence of training injuries is monitored and diagnosed by physicians and treated accordingly. The body composition was measured using the BodyStat QuadScan 4000 multifrequency Bio-impedance system at 5, 50, 100 and 200 kHz to obtain 4 impedance values. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check whether the data conformed to a normal distribution. Data of normal distribution were shown as mean ± SD and analyzed by t-test, while those of non-normal distribution were shown as median (Q 1, Q 3) and analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum test. The receiver operator characteristic curve and logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate risk factors for developing training-related lower extremity injuries and accuracy. Results::Among the 282 subjects, 78 (27.7%) developed training injuries. Lower extremity training injuries revealed the highest incidence, accounting for 23.4% (66 cases). These patients showed higher percentages of lean body mass ( p = 0.001), total body water (TBW, p=0.006), extracellular water ( p=0.020) and intracellular water ( p=0.010) as well as a larger ratio of basal metabolic rate/total weight ( p=0.006), compared with those without lower extremity muscle injuries. On the contrary, the percentage of body fat ( p=0.001) and body fat mass index ( p=0.002) were lower. Logistic regression analysis showed that TBW percentage > 65.35% ( p=0.050, odds ratio =3.114) and 3rd space water > 0.95% ( p=0.045, odds ratio =2.342) were independent risk factors for lower extremity muscle injuries. Conclusion::TBW percentage and 3rd space water measured with bio-impedance method are potential risk factors for predicting the incidence of lower extremity muscle injuries in young males following training.

Objective:To explore potential predictors of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) in early stage. Methods:The prospective multicenter study was conducted in Zhejiang, China from May 1 st, 2019 to January 31 st, 2020. A total of 1 428 patients with fever >48 hours to <120 hours were studied. Their clinical data and oral pharyngeal swab samples were collected; Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in pharyngeal swab specimens was detected. Patients with positive Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA results underwent a series of tests, including chest X-ray, complete blood count, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and procalcitonin. According to the occurrence of RMPP, the patients were divided into two groups, RMPP group and general Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (GMPP) group. Measurement data between the 2 groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between clinical data and RMPP. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyse the power of the markers for predicting RMPP. Results:A total of 1 428 patients finished the study, with 801 boys and 627 girls, aged 4.3 (2.7, 6.3) years. Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA was positive in 534 cases (37.4%), of whom 446 cases (83.5%) were diagnosed with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, including 251 boys and 195 girls, aged 5.2 (3.3, 6.9) years. Macrolides-resistant variation was positive in 410 cases (91.9%). Fifty-five cases were with RMPP, 391 cases with GMPP. The peak body temperature before the first visit and LDH levels in RMPP patients were higher than that in GMPP patients (39.6 (39.1, 40.0) vs. 39.2 (38.9, 39.7) ℃, 333 (279, 392) vs. 311 (259, 359) U/L, both P<0.05). Logistic regression showed the prediction probability π=exp (-29.7+0.667×Peak body temperature (℃)+0.004×LDH (U/L))/(1+exp (-29.7+0.667×Peak body temperature (℃)+0.004 × LDH (U/L))), the cut-off value to predict RMPP was 0.12, with a consensus of probability forecast of 0.89, sensitivity of 0.89, and specificity of 0.67; and the area under ROC curve was 0.682 (95% CI 0.593-0.771, P<0.01). Conclusion:In MPP patients with fever over 48 to <120 hours, a prediction probability π of RMPP can be calculated based on the peak body temperature and LDH level before the first visit, which can facilitate early identification of RMPP.

Objective To investigate the causal relationship between obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)and hypertension using bidirectional Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods Genetic data for OSA were obtained from the Genome-wide association study(GWAS)of FinnGen Biobank,including 16 761 cases and 201 194 controls,from which 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were screened as instrumental variables(IVs)for OSA.Genetic data for hypertension were obtained from GWAS of UK Biobank,including 124 227 cases and 337 653 controls from which 214 SNPs were selected as IVs for hypertension.Multiple MR methods,mainly Inverse variance weighted(IVW),were used for analysis.Sensitivity analysis of MR results was performed using MR-Egger regression et al,and IVs were evaluated using F values.Results OSA was associated with an increased risk of hypertension(OR=1.053,95%CI 1.019-1.089,P<0.01),and hypertension was significantly associated with the risk of developing OSA(OR=1.812,95%CI 1.354-2.425,P<0.001).Heterogeneity was observed in both two-way outcomes(OSA→ hypertension,P<0.001;hypertension→ OSA,P<0.001),but no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy was detected(OSA→ hypertension,P=0.666;hypertension→ OSA,P=0.556).The IVs selected in this study were strong instrumental variables for both OSA and hypertension(OSA-IVs F=14.695;hypertension-IVs F=39.624).Conclusions Our findings indicate a bidirectional causal relationship between OSA and hypertension,with a particularly significant effect of hypertension on the development of OSA.

Objective:To standardize the bacterial endotoxin testing criteria for zoledronic acid injection and estab-lish a detection method using recombinant factor C(rFC).Methods:The gel-clot method(BET)was utilized to test 13 batches of zoledronic acid injection from national supervision and random inspection.Interference tests were conducted on zoledronic acid injections from three manufacturers at different concentrations(500,100,50,25 μg·mL-1)using rFC test kits from two manufacturers.Results:Detection was performed for the specification of 100 mL∶5 mg and other specifications according to＜0.50 EU per 1 mL and＜5.0 EU per 1 mg,respectively,and all results met the criteria.The recovery rate for 25 μg·mL-1 using rFC kits from both manufacturers ranged between 50％and 200％.Validation of rFC.Methods:Eight batches of zoledronic acid injection were validated at 25 μg·mL-1,five batches of zoledronic acid injection(100 mL∶5 mg)were validated at 0.5 EU·mL-1,and all recovery rates were between 50％and 200％.Conclusion:The bacterial endotoxin testing method for zoledronic acid injection can be established as follows:for large volume injection products with 100 mL or more,each 1 mL should contain less than 0.50 EU of endotoxin(following the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020,general chapter 1143).For other specifications,each 1 mg of zoledronic acid should contain less than 10.0 EU of endotoxin.The rFC test kit method for bacterial endotoxins involved diluting the sample with water for bacterial endotoxin testing to contain 25 μg of zoledronic acid per 1 mL,or performing 1∶1 dilution for large volume injections(100 mL∶5.0 mg specifi-cation),with recovery rate between 50％and 200％as per the kit instructions.

Objective To observe the reproducibility of radiomics feature(RF)extracted from virtual monoenergetic image(VMI)of rabbit VX2 hepatoma models obtained with 3 different dual-energy CT(DECT)systems,and to explore relationship of reproducibility and diagnostic performance of RF.Methods Fifteen rabbits with VX2 hepatoma were randomly divided into 3 groups(each n=5).Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scanning under volume CT dose index(CTDIvol)levels of 6,9 and 12 mGy were performed with dual-source DECT(dsDECT),rapid kV switching DECT(rsDECT)and dual-layer detector DECT(dlDECT),respectively.VMI were reconstructed at 10 keV increments from 40 to 140 keV.RF were extracted from VMI,the reproducibility was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficient(ICC),and those with ICC≥0.8 were considered as reproducible RF.The percentage of reproducible features(denoted by R)were compared among different scanner pairings and different CTDIvol levels.Within each CTDIvol group,the reconstruction energy levels yielding the maximum number(denoted by N)of common RF across different scanner pairings were identified.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn,the area under the curve(AUC)was calculated,and the diagnostic efficacies of reproducible RF and other RF were compared under optimal reproducible conditions.Spearman correlation coefficient between ICC and the corresponding AUC of RF were calculated.Results RrsDECT-dsDECT(6.45％,95％CI[2.36％,8.87％])was higher than RdlDECT-dsDECT(0.72％,95％CI[0.15％,1.79％])and RrsDECT-dlDECT(1.43％,95％CI[0.60％,4.06％])(all adjusted P＜0.05),R9mGy(3.70％,95％CI[1.31％,5.73％])and R12mGy(2.63％,95％CI[0.60％,6.69％])were higher than R6mGy(1.31％,95％CI[0.12％,1.55％])(all adjusted P＜0.05).The optimal reproducible reconstruction energy levels of RF under CTDIvol of 6,9 and 12 mGy concentrated at 50-70 keV.AUC of reproducible RFs were higher than of other RF(all adjusted P＜0.05)and had certain correlation with the reproducibility(rs=0.102-0.516,P＜0.05).Conclusion The reproducibility of RF extracted from contrast-enhanced VMI CT images of rabbit VX2 hepatoma models associated with DECT scanner,CTDIvol level and reconstruction energy level.RF with higher reproducibility might have better diagnostic performance.