Cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and metabolic disorders are the 3 major chronic diseases threatening human health, which are closely related and often coexist, significantly increasing the difficulty of disease management. In response, the American Heart Association (AHA) proposed a novel disease concept of “cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome” in October 2023, which has triggered widespread concern about the co-treatment of heart and kidney diseases and the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders around the world. This review posits that effectively managing CKM syndrome requires a new and multidimensional paradigm for diagnosis and risk prediction that integrates biological insights, advanced technology and social determinants of health (SDoH). We argue that the core pathological driver is a “metabolic toxic environment”, fueled by adipose tissue dysfunction and characterized by a vicious cycle of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which forms a common pathway to multi-organ injury. The at-risk population is defined not only by biological characteristics but also significantly impacted by adverse SDoH, which can elevate the risk of advanced CKM by a factor of 1.18 to 3.50, underscoring the critical need for equity in screening and care strategies. This review systematically charts the progression of diagnostic technologies. In diagnostics, we highlight a crucial shift from single-marker assessments to comprehensive multi-marker panels. The synergistic application of traditional biomarkers like NT-proBNP (reflecting cardiac stress) and UACR (indicating kidney damage) with emerging indicators such as systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and Klotho protein facilitates a holistic evaluation of multi-organ health. Furthermore, this paper explores the pivotal role of non-invasive monitoring technologies in detecting subclinical disease. Techniques like multi-wavelength photoplethysmography (PPG) and impedance cardiography (ICG) provide a real-time window into microcirculatory and hemodynamic status, enabling the identification of early, often asymptomatic, functional abnormalities that precede overt organ failure. In imaging, progress is marked by a move towards precise, quantitative evaluation, exemplified by artificial intelligence-powered quantitative computed tomography (AI-QCT). By integrating AI-QCT with clinical risk factors, the predictive accuracy for cardiovascular events within 6 months significantly improves, with the area under the curve (AUC) increasing from 0.637 to 0.688, demonstrating its potential for reclassifying risk in CKM stage 3. In the domain of risk prediction, we trace the evolution from traditional statistical tools to next-generation models. The new PREVENT equation represents a major advancement by incorporating key kidney function markers (eGFR, UACR), which can enhance the detection rate of CKD in primary care by 20%-30%. However, we contend that the future lies in dynamic, machine learning-based models. Algorithms such as XGBoost have achieved an AUC of 0.82 for predicting 365-day cardiovascular events, while deep learning models like KFDeep have demonstrated exceptional performance in predicting kidney failure risk with an AUC of 0.946. Unlike static calculators, these AI-driven tools can process complex, multimodal data and continuously update risk profiles, paving the way for truly personalized and proactive medicine. In conclusion, this review advocates for a paradigm shift toward a holistic and technologically advanced framework for CKM management. Future efforts must focus on the deep integration of multimodal data, the development of novel AI-driven biomarkers, the implementation of refined SDoH-informed interventions, and the promotion of interdisciplinary collaboration to construct an efficient, equitable, and effective system for CKM screening and intervention.

Mental disorders are characterized by disturbances in behavior,volition,emotion,and cognition and are considered emotional diseases in traditional Chinese medicine.Acupuncture is one of the most widely used complementary alternative therapies for the treatment of mental disorders.Recently,there has been growing interest in the use of the Tong Du Tiao Shen(Dredging Du meridian to regulate the spirit)as a primary treatment.However,a comprehensive summary of the establishment and related acupuncture methods of Tong Du Tiao Shen is lacking.This paper aims to address this gap by exploring the origin and development of Tong Du Tiao Shen,its application in treating mental disorders,and the modern biological mechanisms involved.Ultimately,this paper seeks to expand the clinical application of Tong Du Tiao Shen acupuncture and provide a scientific basis for future research in this field.

With the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus in recent years， cardiomyopathy caused by diabetes mellitus has aroused wide concern and this disease is characterized by high insidiousness and high mortality. The early pathological changes of diabetic cardiomyopathy （DCM） are mitochondrial structural disorders and loss of myocardial metabolic flexibility. The turbulence of mitochondrial quality control （MQC） is a key mechanism leading to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and loss of myocardial metabolic flexibility， which， together with elevated levels of oxidative stress and inflammation， trigger changes in myocardial structure and function. Qi deficiency and stagnation is caused by the loss of healthy Qi， and the dysfunction of Qi transformation results in the accumulation of pathogenic Qi， which further triggers injuries. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， DCM is rooted in Qi deficiency of the heart， spleen， and kidney. The dysfunction of Qi transformation leads to the generation and lingering of turbidity， stasis， and toxin in the nutrient-blood and vessels， ultimately damaging the heart. Therefore， Qi deficiency and stagnation is the basic pathologic mechanism of DCM. Mitochondria， similar to Qi in substance and function， are one of the microscopic manifestations of Qi. The role of MQC is consistent with the defense function of Qi. In the case of MQC turbulence， mitochondrial structure and function are impaired. As a result， Qi deficiency gradually emerges and triggers pathological changes， which make it difficult to remove the stagnant pathogenic factor and aggravates the MQC turbulence. Ultimately， DCM occurs. Targeting MQC to treat DCM has become the focus of current research， and TCM has the advantages of acting on multiple targets and pathways. According to the pathogenesis of Qi deficiency and stagnation in DCM and the modern medical understanding of MQC， the treatment should follow the principles of invigorating healthy Qi， tonifying deficiency， and regulating Qi movement. This paper aims to provide ideas for formulating prescriptions and clinical references for the TCM treatment of DCM by targeting MQC.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are common clinical conditions. The number of patients with TMJ diseases is large, and the etiology, epidemiology, disease spectrum, and treatment of the disease remain controversial and unknown. To understand and master the current situation of the occurrence, development and prevention of TMJ diseases, as well as to identify the patterns in etiology, incidence, drug sensitivity, and prognosis is crucial for alleviating patients′suffering.This will facilitate in-depth medical research, effective disease prevention measures, and the formulation of corresponding health policies. Cohort construction and research has an irreplaceable role in precise disease prevention and significant improvement in diagnosis and treatment levels. Large-scale cohort studies are needed to explore the relationship between potential risk factors and outcomes of TMJ diseases, and to observe disease prognoses through long-term follw-ups. The consensus aims to establish a standard conceptual frame work for a cohort study on patients with TMJ disease while providing ideas for cohort data standards to this condition. TMJ disease cohort data consists of both common data standards applicable to all specific disease cohorts as well as disease-specific data standards. Common data were available for each specific disease cohort. By integrating different cohort research resources, standard problems or study variables can be unified. Long-term follow-up can be performed using consistent definitions and criteria across different projects for better core data collection. It is hoped that this consensus will be facilitate the development cohort studies of TMJ diseases.

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy and relative mechanism of the Modified Wenshen Yixin Formula （温肾益心方加减， MWYF） as an auxiliary treatment of coronary heart disease （CHD） complicated with hypothyroidism of spleen-kidney yang deficiency. MethodsA total of 135 CHD patients complicated with hypothyroidism and spleen-kidney yang deficiency were included and divided into control group （67 cases） and experimental group （68 cases） according to the patients' wishes of herbal medicine administration. The control group was given conventional western medicine， while the treatment group was additionally given MWYF， 1 dose per day； both groups were treated for 8 weeks. The traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores， angina scores， SF-36 scores， thyroid function indicators including thyroid stimulating hormone （TSH）， thyroxine （T4） and triiodothyronine （T3）， as well as serum cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）， cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP）， monocyte chemoattractant ligand 2 （CCL2）， and tumor necrosis factor-related activator protein （CD40L） levels before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. The dosage and reduction and discontinuation rate of thyroid hormone preparations after treatment were compared between the two groups. The effectiveness regarding TCM syndrome and angina pectoris was evaluated， and the safety was assessed. ResultsBias was adjusted by matching on propensity score， and 102 cases were finally included in the statistical analysis， with 51 cases in each group. The total effective rate regarding TCM syndrome ［94.12% （48/51） versus 64.71% （33/51）］， the total effective rate regarding angina pectoris ［80.39% （41/51） versus 62.75% （32/51）］， and the reduction and discontinuation rate of thyroid hormone preparation ［39.21% （20/51） versus 5.88% （3/51）］ were significantly higher in the experimental group than those in the control group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. After treatment， the total TCM syndrome score， individual scores of major symptoms ， the major symptoms score， the secondary symptoms score， angina pectoris score， and TSH level were significantly reduced （P＜0.01）， while all dimensions of SF-36 scores， T4， T3， and cAMP levels significantly increased in both groups （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The dosage of thyroid hormone preparations and the levels of cGMP， CCL2， and CD40L in the experimental group significantly decreased after treatment （P＜0.01）. When compared between the two groups after treatment， the total TCM syndrome score， the major symptoms score， the scores of individual major symptom （chest tightness， chest pain， fear of cold， cold limbs， waist and kness soreness and weakness）， the secondary symptoms score， angina pectoris score， TSH， cGMP， CCL2， and CD40L levels of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， while all dimension scores of SF-36， T4， T3， and cAMP levels were significantly higher （P＜0.01）. A total of three adverse events occurred during treatment， none of which were judged to be related to the interventions of this study. ConclusionMWYF can significantly ameliorate the TCM syndrome， angina pectoris， quality of life and thyroid function in CHD patients complicated with hypothyroidism and spleen-kidney yang deficiency， and can promote the reduction and disconti-nuation of thyroid hormone preparations. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of cAMP/cGMP balance， the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid metabolic axis and the reduction of immune inflammation.

Objective:To explore the access mechanism of medical consumables in public medical institutions and to improve the top-level designs of medical consumables access based on the perspective of healthcare security management.Methods:From five dimensions of healthcare security supervision,implementation of coding standards(referred to as standard implementation),centralized procurement,medical service items and prices,and evaluation technologies,the access process of medical consumables was designed and targeted exploration strategies were proposed.Results:The access process for medical consumables is designed from five dimensions:strengthening the supervision of medical consumables and medical insurance,implementing the healthcare security standards for medical consumables,promoting the implementation of medical consumables healthcare security centralized procurement,promoting the development of healthcare security medical service projects and medical service price projects,and actively carrying out health technology assessment.The targeted strategies for the access of medical consumables were proposed of strengthening the learning and training of healthcare security business,building a multidisciplinary collaborative management system for medical consumables access in hospitals,exploring the establishment of health technology evaluation methods suitable for medical institutions in China and promoting the integration of medical consumables access information.Conclusion:Based on the perspective of healthcare security management,the core position of medical insurance in the access of medical consumables in public medical institutions was theoretically emphasized,which provides new ideas for the research of medical consumables access,and enriches the dimension of medical consumables access management.

Objective To observe the regulatory effects of Yitangkang on neuroinflammation and polarization of microglia and astrocytes in db/db mice;To explore the its mechanism in the treatment of cognitive impairment in diabetes.Methods Totally 32 db/db mice were randomly divided into model group,liraglutide group,and Yitangkang low-and high-dosage group.Another C57BL/6 mice were taken as blank group,with 8 mice in each group.Yitangkang low-and high-dosage group were given Yitangkang Decoction 15,30 g/kg respectively,the liraglutide group was intraperitoneally injected with liraglutide 200 μg/kg,the blank group and model group were given the same volume of distilled water by gavage,for 5 weeks.FJC staining was used to observe the damage of hippocampal neurons,ELISA was used to detect the content of IL-6 and IL-1β in hippocampal tissue,immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of IL-6,IL-1β,Iba1 and GFAP in hippocampal tissue,the expressions of CD86,CD206,C3,S100A10,NLRP3,Iba1 and GFAP were detected by immunofluorescence,the protein expressions of CD86,CD206,C3,S100A10 and NLRP3 in hippocampal tissue were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the blank group,the FJC positive cells in the model group significantly increased,and the contents of IL-6 and IL-1β significantly increased,the expressions of Iba1,CD86,GFAP and C3 significantly increased,CD206 and S100A10 expressions significantly decreased,NLRP3 protein expression and co-expression with Iba1 and GFAP significantly increased,with statistical significance(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the FJC positive cells in hippocampal tissue of liraglutide group and Yitangkang low-and high-dosage group significantly decreased,the contents of IL-6 and IL-1β significantly decreased,the expressions of Iba1,CD86,GFAP and C3 significantly decreased,the expressions of CD206 and S100A10 significantly increased,the expression of NLRP3 protein and co-expression with Iba1 and GFAP were significantly decreased,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05,P<0.01)except for CD206 in Yitangkang low-dosage group.Conclusion Yitangkang can effectively regulate the expression of NLRP3 in db/db mice,promote the transformation of microglia/astrocytes from M1/A1 type to M2/A2 type,inhibit the inflammatory response,and exert neuroprotective effects.

Objective:To explore the influencing factors and pathways of home-based exercise rehabilitation compliance in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), so as to provide theoretical basis for formulating targeted intervention program.Methods:From July 2022 to February 2023, convenience sampling was used to select 220 patients who underwent PCI at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital affiliated with Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University as the study subject. A survey was conducted on patients using the General Information Questionnaires, Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale, Illness Perception and Behavior Questionnaire in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease after PCI, Social Support Rating Scale, and Exercise Rehabilitation Compliance Follow-up Scale.Results:A total of 220 questionnaires were distributed, and 215 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective response rate of 97.73% (215/220). The Exercise Rehabilitation Compliance Follow-up Scale in 215 patients after PCI was (11.35±3.85). The mediating effect of exercise self-efficacy between social support and exercise compliance was 0.150 [95% CI (0.055, 0.167), P<0.01], and the mediating effect of disease cognition between social support and exercise compliance after PCI was 0.065 [95% CI (0.016, 0.090), P<0.05]. The direct effect of social support on exercise compliance was 0.238 [95% CI (0.064, 0.278), P<0.01], and the indirect effect was 0.215 [95% CI (0.083, 0.233), P<0.05], and the mediating effect accounted for 47.46% of the total effect. Conclusions:Social support can directly or indirectly affect the compliance of patients with home-based exercise rehabilitation through the mediating effect of exercise self-efficacy and post PCI disease cognition. Medical and nursing staff can improve patient exercise self-efficacy and disease cognition by constructing intervention strategies based on social support, thereby enhancing home-based exercise rehabilitation compliance.

Objective This article aims to investigate the association between hypertension and the risk of GSD by conducting a national multicenter study,a systematic review,and a meta-analysis.Methods The study was conducted in three stages.In the first stage,subjects were recruited for health examination in four hospitals in Chengdu,Tianjin,Beijing,and Chongqing,China,from 2015 to 2020,and the multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between hypertension and the risk of GSD in each center.In the second stage,Embase,PubMed,Wanfang Data,VIP,and CNKI databases were searched for related studies published up to May 2021,and a meta-analysis was conducted to further verify such association.In the third stage,the random effects model was used for pooled analysis of the results of the multicenter cross-sectional study and the findings of previous literature.Results A total of 633 948 participants were enrolled in the cross-sectional study,and the prevalence rate of GSD was 7.844%.The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension was positively associated with the risk of GSD(P＜0.05).Subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the association between hypertension and GSD between individuals with different sexes,ages,and subtypes of GSD.A total of 80 articles were included in the systematic review and the meta-analysis,and the results showed that the risk of GSD was increased by 1.022 times for every 10 mmHg increase in diastolic pressure and 1.014 times for every 10 mmHg increase in systolic pressure.Conclusion Hypertension significantly increases the risk of GSD,and the findings of this study will provide a basis for the etiology of GSD and the identification of high-risk groups.

In this study, the authors cloned a glycosyltransferase gene PpUGT2 from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis with the ORF length of 1 773 bp and encoding 590 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree revealed that PpUGT2 belonged to the UGT80A subfamily and was named as UGT80A49 by the UDP-glycosyltransferase(UGT) Nomenclature Committee. The expression vector pET28a-PpUGT2 was constructed, and enzyme catalytic reaction in vitro was conducted via inducing protein expression and extraction. With UDP-glucose as sugar donor and diosgenin and pennogenin as substrates, the protein was found with the ability to catalyze the C-3 hydroxyl β-glycosylation of diosgenin and pennogenin. To further explore its catalytic characteristic, 15 substrates including steroids and triterpenes were selected and PpUGT2 showed its activity towards the C-17 position of sterol testosterone with UDP-glucose as sugar donor. Homology modelling and molecule docking of PpUGT2 with substrates predicted the key residues interacting with ligands. The re-levant residues of PpUGT2-ligand binding model were scanned to calculate the corresponding mutants, and the optimized mutants were obtained according to the changes in binding affinity of the ligand with protein and the surrounding residues within 5.0 Å of ligands, which had reference value for design of the mutants. This study laid a foundation for further exploring the biosynthetic pathway of polyphyllin as well as the structure of sterol glycosyltransferases.
Ligands ; Glycosyltransferases/genetics* ; Sterols ; Phylogeny ; Ascomycota ; Liliaceae/chemistry* ; Melanthiaceae ; Diosgenin ; Sugars ; Glucose ; Uridine Diphosphate