This article systematically reviews and verifies the medicinal materials of Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma（DHR）， Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma（DSR）， Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma（SCR） and Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma（SGR） from the aspects of name， origin， producing area， quality， harvesting， processing and efficacy by consulting historical literature， in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing the four medicinal materials. DHR， DSR， SCR and SGR have a long history of application as medicinal materials. However， due to their similar growth environment and medicinal properties， as well as their functions of promoting dampness， dispelling wind and removing numbness， there have been instances of homonymous foreign objects and homonymous synonyms throughout history， resulting in confusion of the origin. Therefore， it is necessary to conduct comparative analysis and systematic research for clarifying the historical development and changes of the four， in order to provide a basis for safe and effective medication. According to research， Bixie was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing and has been historically known as Baizhi， Chijie， Zhumu， and other aliases. From ancient times to the mid-20th century， there has always been a situation where the rhizomes of Dioscorea plants and Smilax plants， and even the rhizomes of Heterosmilax plants， were mixed together to be used as medicinal herbs for Bixie. However， since the Tang dynasty， it has been clearly advocated that the rhizomes of Dioscorea plants have excellent quality and have been the mainstream throughout history. The 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia categorized it into two types of medicinal herbs（DHR and DSR）. Among them， the origin of DHR is the dry rhizomes of Dioscorea hypoglauca， and the origins of DSR are the dry rhizomes of D. spongiosa and D. futschauensis. In ancient times， due to different types， the corresponding production areas of DHR and DSR were also different. Nowadays， They are mainly produced in the southern region of the Yangtze River. Since the Tang dynasty， the quality of Bixie has been characterized by its white color and soft nature. In modern times， it has been summarized that those with white color， large and thin pieces， powdery texture， tough and elastic texture， and neat and unbreakable are the best. The harvesting times of DHR and DSR are in spring or autumn， with the best quality harvested in autumn. The mainstream processing methods of them are slicing and then using the raw products or wine-processed products. SCR was first recorded in Mingyi Bielu and has been known as Jinganggen， Tielingjiao， Tieshuazi， and other aliases in history. The mainstream source is the dry rhizomes of Smilax china in the past dynasties， with the best quality being those that are tough and rich in powder. The harvesting time is from the late autumn to the following spring， and the main processing method throughout history has been slicing for raw use. SGR was first recorded under the item of Yuyuliang in Variorum of Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica. It was listed as an independent medicinal material from Bencao Gangmu. In history， there were such aliases as Cao Yuyuliang， Lengfantuan， Xianyiliang， Tubixie， etc. The main source of the past dynasties was dry rhizomes of S. glabra. In history， there have also been instances of multiple plants belonging to the same genus， and even cases of mixing the rhizomes of plants in the genus Heterosmilax. It is mainly produced in Guangdong， Hunan， Hubei， Zhejiang， Sichuan， Anhui and other regions， its quality has been summarized as large in size， powdery in texture， with few veins， and light brown in cross-section since modern times. The harvesting time is in spring or autumn， and the main processing method throughout history has been slicing for raw use. DHR， DSR， SCR and SGR all have the effects of promoting dampness， dispelling wind， relieving rheumatism and detoxifying. However， their detoxification abilities are ranked as follows：SGR>SCR>Bixie（DHR and DSR）. Especially for the treatment of limb spasms， arthralgia and myalgia， scrofula， and scabies caused by syphilis and mercury poisoning， SGR has a unique effect. Based on the research results， DHR is recommended to develop the famous classical formulas containing Bixie as the first choice for medicinal herbs. It should be harvested in autumn， sliced thinly while fresh， and processed according to the requirements of the famous classical formulas， without any requirements for raw use. Selecting the rhizomes of S. china， harvested in late autumn， and thinly sliced while fresh. If there are no special processing requirements in the formulas， use it raw. Selecting the rhizomes of S. glabra， it is harvested in autumn and thinly sliced while fresh. If there are no special processing requirements in the formulas， raw products can be used.

Background Hypertension is one of the chronic diseases with the highest prevalence in China, and a history of hypertension may potentially exacerbate hearing loss. Investigating the association between long-term blood pressure trends and hearing thresholds could contribute to hearing protection efforts for occupationally noise-exposed populations. Objective By investigating hearing thresholds and blood pressure levels among occupationally noise-exposed workers in an urban rail transit enterprise, and conducting a comprehensive analysis of the association between long-term blood pressure changes and hearing thresholds, to provide data references for health management strategies targeting occupationally noise-exposed workers. Methods Workers exposed to occupational noise at a rail transit enterprise were enrolled as study subjects and underwent pure-tone audiometry. Group-based trajectory modeling was employed to identify blood pressure trajectories. Categorical data were compared using chi-square tests, while normally distributed continuous variables were analyzed via t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were subsequently applied toexamine associations between these trajectory groups and high-frequency hearing thresholds. Results Among 2 002 occupationally noise-exposed workers, the median (P₂₅, P₇₅) age was 32 (28, 35) years, with a median (P₂₅, P₇₅) working tenure of 7 (3, 10) years. In 2019, the positive hypertension rate was 9.04%, with a mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) of (122.97±11.60) mmHg and a mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of (76.37±9.02) mmHg. The hearing loss prevalence was 10.1%, showing bilateral high-frequency average hearing thresholds of (17.18±8.71) dB and speech-frequency average thresholds of (13.79±3.46) dB. Three distinct trajectory groups were identified for both SBP and DBP. Compared with other trajectory groups, the high-stable DBP group exhibited significantly higher hearing loss prevalence (χ²=6.34, P=0.042) and elevated high-frequency hearing thresholds (all Ps<0.05). Specifically, within the 30-39 age subgroup, the moderate-stable DBP group demonstrated 1.96 dB lower high-frequency thresholds than the high-stable group [β(95%CI): −1.96 (−3.61, −0.32), P=0.020]. Conclusion Among occupationally noise-exposed workers in a municipal rail transit enterprise, DBP trajectories demonstrated a positive association with high-frequency hearing thresholds. Notably, in young and middle-aged occupationally noise-exposed populations, DBP may exert a more critical influence than SBP on the progression of hearing loss.

In this paper， by consulting the ancient and modern literature， the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing， and others of the original animal and medicinal materials of Moschus were systematically sorted out and verified， in order to provide the basis for the development and utilization of the famous classical formulas containing Moschus. According to the textual research， musk deer was first recorded in Shanhaijing. Shennong Bencaojing was recorded as Moschus and all generations were used as the correct name， but there were also aliases such as Shefu， Xiangzhang and Xiangqizi. In ancient times， Moschus berezovskii， M. sifanicus and M. moschiferus were the main sources of Moschus， and the quality of Moschus produced in northwest China was better than that produced in the Yangtze River basin. In modern times， Moschus of M. moschiferus produced in northeast China， M. sifanicus produced in Gansu， Sichuan and other places， and M. berezovskii produced in Ningxia， Shaanxi and other places are regarded as genuine. In ancient times， gunshots， lassoes， arrow shots and other methods were generally used to hunt live musk deer， and the sachets were immediately cut off. Those with high quality were called Xiangshanhuo， and dried in the shade after harvesting， which was known as Maoke Shexiang. Cut open the sachet， remove the shell and dry preservation， commonly known as Moschus kernel. In modern times， the method of taking Moschus from the living body of cultured musk deer is adopted， that is， Moschus kernel is directly taken from its sachet， dried in the shade or dried in a closed dryer. This method realizes the sustainable utilization of Chinese herbal medicine resources， but attention should be paid to the frequency and quality of Moschus. The harvesting time is mostly after the autumnal equinox every year， and before the next summer， it is better to gather sachet in winter. In recent times， it is believed that the shell Moschus is dry， full， thin， elastic， loose inside， many particles， strong and persistent aroma for the best， while the Moschus kernel is particle purple-black， powder yellow-brown， soft and oily texture， strong and persistent aroma for the best. The ancient processing method of Moschus was extracting kernels from the shell. After removing impurities， it is ground and used as medicine. Because its composition is not suitable for heating， the processing method is most common in preparations such as grinding into powder and putting into pills or powders， which has the effect of opening up the orifices and refreshing the mind， and it has continued to this day. Based on the research conclusions， it is suggested that the development of famous classical formulas containing Moschus， M. sifanicus， M. moschiferus and M. berezovskii should be used as the origins. According to the processing requirements specified in the original formula， it should be processed and used as medicine， while those without processing requirements should be used as raw products.

Objective: To explore the potential category patterns of risk prevention and control behaviors of HIV infection among young students who have sex with men (MSM) and their impact on HIV infection and late detection, aiming to optimize intervention strategies. Methods: From September 2017 to December 2024, a total of 1 637 MSM young students in Tianjin were recruited through both online and offline channels. Latent class analysis was applied to classify 11 HIV risk prevention and control behaviors [condom use during the most recent anal sex in the past 6 months, consistent condom use, use of water based lubricants, abstinence from recreational drugs, regular on site professional testing, fixed sexual partners, partner testing, awareness of partner s HIV testing results, testing before sexual activity, nucleic acid testing, and use of pre exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) or post exposure prophylaxis (PEP)]. Multivariate Logistic regression analyzed associations between demographic characteristics/intervention services factors and latent classes. Differences in HIV infection and late detection across behavior patterns were compared. Results: HIV risk prevention and control behaviors among MSM students were classified into three latent classes:condom dependent group (38.42%), low prevention group (27.73%), and comprehensive prevention group (33.85%). Students who received condom promotion/testing services were more likely to belong to the comprehensive prevention group ( OR =5.58), while those who received peer education were less likely to the comprehensive prevention group ( OR =0.43) (both P <0.01). Among the MSM student population, the HIV infection rate was 4.83%, with 2.26% of cases detected late. The HIV infection rate (1.45%) and late detection proportion (0.82%) in the comprehensive prevention group were lower than those in the low prevention group (7.89% and 3.83%, respectively) ( χ 2=16.20, 7.31, both P <0.01). Conclusions HIV risk prevention and control behaviors among MSM young students exhibit significant heterogeneity. Comprehensive prevention strategies can effectively reduce HIV infection and late detection risks. It is necessary to optimize peer education content and improve the accessibility of diversified prevention measures such as PrEP/PEP to enhance HIV prevention and control.

This article systematically reviews and verifies the historical evolution of Stemonae Radix from the aspects of name， origin， harvesting and processing， quality and others by consulting ancient and modern literature， in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this medicinal herb. Stemonae Radix has a long history of application， and it derives its name from its distinctive growth pattern， featuring clusters of ten to several dozen underground tuberous roots. This morphology resembles that of certain plants in the genus Asparagus， leading to historical instances where tuberous roots from genus Asparagus were mistakenly used as Stemonae Radix. After the research， it can be concluded that Stemonae Radix was first recorded in Mingyi Bielu， and throughout history， Baidu has been recognized as its official name， though it also bears alternative names such as Baibing， Pofucao and Ye Tianmendong. The mainstream sources used throughout history have been the dried tuberous roots of Stemona sessilifolia， S. japonica or S. tuberosa from the family Stemonaceae. This aligns with the 2025 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China（hereinafter referred to as Chinese Pharmacopoeia）. Additionally， Asparagus filicinus and A. officinalis from the genus Asparagus are common sources of confusion with Stemonae Radix. The three primitive plants are mainly distributed in the Yangtze River basin and southern China， exhibiting a wide distribution. Historically， wild harvesting was predominant， but cultivation is now established. In ancient times， the harvesting time was mostly in the second， third， and eighth lunar months， when roots were harvested and dried. Nowadays， it is more common to pick and excavate in the spring and autumn seasons. After excavation， the roots are washed， fibrous roots removed， briefly blanched in boiling water or steamed until no white core remains， and then sun-dried or oven-dried. In ancient times， the processing of Stemonae Radix primarily involved roasting（stir-frying）， wine roasting， or raw materials. Modern mainstream processing specifications include two types of raw and honey-roasted products. In terms of quality evaluation of the medicinal materials， ancient criteria of "preferring plump and moist roots" align with modern requirement favoring "thick， robust stems with firm texture". Evaluating quality with authenticity， since the Song dynasty， it has been highly praised to produce in Chuzhou and Hengyang as the best. It was an ancient method of fixing the production area to stabilize the medicinal origin， reflecting the ancient recognition of the therapeutic efficacy of plants belonging to the genus Stemona. The main functions of Stemonae Radix remain consistent throughout history， including relieving coughs， eliminating phlegm and parasites. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing the medicinal material Stemonae Radix， the botanical source specified in the 2025 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia should be selected. The specific species can be determined according to the distribution of resources and the main production areas， and the origin and corresponding botanical source should be fixed. Processing methods should be chosen based on the prescription requirements. It is recommended to use raw products without specified requirements.

This article systematically reviews and verifies the historical evolution of Stemonae Radix from the aspects of name， origin， harvesting and processing， quality and others by consulting ancient and modern literature， in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this medicinal herb. Stemonae Radix has a long history of application， and it derives its name from its distinctive growth pattern， featuring clusters of ten to several dozen underground tuberous roots. This morphology resembles that of certain plants in the genus Asparagus， leading to historical instances where tuberous roots from genus Asparagus were mistakenly used as Stemonae Radix. After the research， it can be concluded that Stemonae Radix was first recorded in Mingyi Bielu， and throughout history， Baidu has been recognized as its official name， though it also bears alternative names such as Baibing， Pofucao and Ye Tianmendong. The mainstream sources used throughout history have been the dried tuberous roots of Stemona sessilifolia， S. japonica or S. tuberosa from the family Stemonaceae. This aligns with the 2025 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China（hereinafter referred to as Chinese Pharmacopoeia）. Additionally， Asparagus filicinus and A. officinalis from the genus Asparagus are common sources of confusion with Stemonae Radix. The three primitive plants are mainly distributed in the Yangtze River basin and southern China， exhibiting a wide distribution. Historically， wild harvesting was predominant， but cultivation is now established. In ancient times， the harvesting time was mostly in the second， third， and eighth lunar months， when roots were harvested and dried. Nowadays， it is more common to pick and excavate in the spring and autumn seasons. After excavation， the roots are washed， fibrous roots removed， briefly blanched in boiling water or steamed until no white core remains， and then sun-dried or oven-dried. In ancient times， the processing of Stemonae Radix primarily involved roasting（stir-frying）， wine roasting， or raw materials. Modern mainstream processing specifications include two types of raw and honey-roasted products. In terms of quality evaluation of the medicinal materials， ancient criteria of "preferring plump and moist roots" align with modern requirement favoring "thick， robust stems with firm texture". Evaluating quality with authenticity， since the Song dynasty， it has been highly praised to produce in Chuzhou and Hengyang as the best. It was an ancient method of fixing the production area to stabilize the medicinal origin， reflecting the ancient recognition of the therapeutic efficacy of plants belonging to the genus Stemona. The main functions of Stemonae Radix remain consistent throughout history， including relieving coughs， eliminating phlegm and parasites. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing the medicinal material Stemonae Radix， the botanical source specified in the 2025 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia should be selected. The specific species can be determined according to the distribution of resources and the main production areas， and the origin and corresponding botanical source should be fixed. Processing methods should be chosen based on the prescription requirements. It is recommended to use raw products without specified requirements.

By systematically combing ancient and modern literature， this paper examined Tribuli Fructus and Astragali Complanati Semen（ACS） used in the famous classical formulas from the aspects of name， origin， production area， harvesting and processing， clinical efficacy， so as to provide a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing such medicinal materials. The results showed that the names of Tribuli Fructus in the past dynasties were mostly derived from its morphology， and there were nicknames such as Baijili， Cijili and Dujili. The name of ACS in the past dynasties were mostly originated from its production areas， and there were nicknames such as Baijili， Shayuan Jili and Tongjili. Because both of them had the name of Baijili， confusion began to appear in the Song dynasty. In ancient and modern times， the main origin of Tribuli Fructus were Tribulus terrestris， and ancient literature recorded the genuine producing areas of Tribuli Fructus was Dali in Shaanxi and Tianshui in Gansu， but today it is mainly cultivated in Anhui and Shandong. The fruit is the medicinal part， harvested in autumn throughout history. There is no description of the quality of Tribuli Fructus in ancient times， and the plump， firm texture， grayish-white color is the best in modern times. Traditional processing methods for Tribuli Fructus included stir-frying and wine processing， while modern commonly used is purified， fried and salt-processed. The ancient records of Tribuli Fructus were spicy， bitter， and warm in nature， with modern research adding that it is slightly toxic. The main effects of ancient and modern times include treating wind disorders， improving vision， promoting muscle growth， and treating vitiligo. The mainstream base of ACS used throughout history is Astragalus complanatus. Ancient texts indicated ACS primarily originated from Shaanxi province. Today， the finest varieties come from Tongguan and Dali in Shaanxi. The medicinal part is the seed， traditionally harvested in autumn. Modern harvesting occurs in late autumn or early winter， followed by sun-drying. Ancient texts valued seeds with a fragrant aroma as superior， while modern standards prioritize plump， uniform and free of impurities. Traditional processing methods for ACS included frying until blackened and wine-frying， while modern practice commonly employs purification methods. In terms of medicinal properties， the ancient and modern records are sweet and warm in nature. Due to originally classified under Tribuli Fructus， its effects were thus regarded as equivalent to those of Tribuli Fructus， serving as the medicine for treating wind disorders， additional functions included tonifying the kidneys and treating vitiligo. The present record of its efficacy is to tonify the kidney and promote Yang， solidify sperm and reduce urine， nourish the liver and brighten the eye， etc. Based on the textual research results， it is suggested that when developing the famous classical formulas of Tribuli Fructus medicinal materials， we should pay attention to the specific reference object of Baijili， T. terrestris and A. complanatus should be identified and selected， and the processing method should be in accordance with the requirements of the formulas.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease involving multiple organ system. Renal angiomyolipoma (RAML) is a leading cause of death for adult TSC patients. Our study aims at investigating the clinical manifestations of TSC-RAML to enable clinicians to have a better understanding of the disease in Chinese patients.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of brusatol on the malignant biological behavior of ovarian cancer cells by regulating the sphingosine kinase 1 （SPHK1）/sphingosine-1-phosphate （S1P）/sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 （S1PR3） signaling pathway. METHODS Human ovarian cancer cell strain SKOV-3 were randomly divided into control group， brusatol group， SPHK1 overexpression group， brusatol+blank load group， brusatol+SPHK1 overexpression group. The cell viability， colony formation rate， the number of migration and invasion， apoptosis rate， the expressions of cell proliferation-related proteins [myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog （C-myc）]， apoptosis-related proteins [B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2 associated X protein （Bax）]， epithelial mesenchymal transition （EMT）-related proteins （E-cadherin， N-cadherin） and SPHK1， S1P， S1PR3 proteins were all detected in each group. Transplanted tumor model of nude mice was constructed by using SKOV-3 cells and randomly separated into control group， brusatol low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups， SPHK1 overexpression group， high- dose brusatol+blank load group， and high-dose brusatol+SPHK1 overexpression group； the growth of transplanted tumors were detected. The nude mice model of SKOV-3 transplantation tumor was randomly divided into control group， brusatol group， SPHK1 overexpression group， brusatol+blank load group， and brusatol+SPHK1 overexpression group； the proliferation and apoptosis of transplanted tumor tissue， the expressions of EMT-related Δ 基金项目江西省中医药管理局科技计划项目（No.2023B0762） ＊第一作者 副主任药师 。研究方向 ：药学研究及药理学 。E- proteins and SPHK1/S1P/S1PR3 signaling pathway proteins mail：jsgj2023@126.com were detected in each group. RESULTS Cell experiments in # 通信作者 主任医师，硕士。研究方向：妇科及妇科肿瘤学。E- vitro had shown that compared with the control group， the cell mail：11638199@qq.com viability， clone formation rate， migration number， invasion 中国药房 2024年第35卷第16期 China Pharmacy 2024 Vol. 35 No. 16 · 1991 · number， protein expressions of C-myc， Bcl-2， N-cadherin， SPHK1， S1P and S1PR3 were decreased significantly in brusatol group （P＜0.05）， while the apoptosis rate， protein expressions of Bax and E-cadherin were increased significantly （P＜0.05）； overexpression of SPHK1 could weaken the effects of brusatol on the above indicators in SKOV-3 cells. Mice experiments in vivo had shown that compared with the control group， the transplanted tumor volumes of nude mice in the brusatol low-dose， medium- dose and high-dose groups were decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner after 21 days of intervention （P＜0.05）. Brusatol of high dose could also significantly reduce the protein expressions of C-myc， Bcl-2， N-cadherin， SPHK1， S1P and S1PR3 in transplanted tumor tissue of nude mice （P＜0.05）， and significantly increase the protein expressions of Bax and E- cadherin （P＜0.05）； overexpression of SPHK1 could weaken the effects of brusatol on the above indicators in transplanted tumor tissue of nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Brusatol can inhibit the proliferation， cloning， EMT， migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells， and induce their apoptosis by down-regulating the expression of SPHK1/S1P/S1PR3 signaling pathway. It can also inhibit the growth of ovarian cancer cells in nude mice， ultimately suppressing their malignant biological behavior and exerting significant anti-cancer effects on ovarian cancer.

Autophagy is mediated by multiple molecules and pathways. In cardiovascular diseases， autophagy can play a role through key signaling pathways such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）/mTOR， mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPK）， p53， Wnt/β-catenin， etc. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） monomers for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis such as hydroxysafflor yellow A， ginsenoside Rb1， salidroside， ligustrin， curcumin， etc.， and TCM prescription and preparations such as Huangqi baoxin decoction， Taohong siwu decoction， Tongxinluo capsule， Shuangshen ningxin capsule， Suxiao jiuxin pills， etc. can regulate autophagy through the above-mentioned key signaling pathways， thereby alleviating the progression of cardiovascular diseases.