Objective:To investigate the accuracy of next-generation sequencing technology(NGS)in detecting the polymorphisms of HLA-DRB1,DQB1,DQA1,DRB3,DRB4,DRB5,DPA1 and DPB1 alleles in randomly-selected unrelated healthy individuals from Shenzhen Han population,investigate the potential reason for HLA-DRB1 allele dropout in routine NGS,and establish an internal quality control system.Methods:NGS-based HLA class Ⅱ genotyping was performed on 1 012 samples using the MiSeqDxTM platform.The suspected missed alleles indicated by the quality control software and HLA-DRB1 homozygotes were confirmed by PCR-SSOP or PCR-SBT methods.Results:A total of 139 alleles were detected,including HLA-DRB1(45),DRB3(7),DRB4(5),DRB5(7),DQA1(17),DQB1(21),DPA1(10)and DPB1(27).HLA-DRB 1*09:01(17.09％),15:01(10.72％);DRB3*02:02(25.99％),03:01(10.18％);DRB4*01:03(36.46％);DRB5*01:01(15.42％);DQA1*01:02(20.01％),03:02(17.19％);DQB1*03:01(19.47％),03:03(17.98％),05:02(11.66％),06:01(10.67％);DPA1*02:02(54.45％),01:03(31.18％)and DPB1*05:01(39.13％),02:01(16.90％)alleles were the most common alleles in Shenzhen Han population(frequencies＞10％).There was no statistical difference between the gene frequencies of HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 loci in our study.The HLA Common and Well-Documented Alleles in China(CWD2.4)(x2=12.68,P＞0.05).94 cases of HLA-DRB1 homozygous samples detected by NGS were retested by PCR-SSOP or SBT method,and one case of allele dropout at HLA-DRB1 locus was found.SBT method confirmed that the allele of DRB1*04:03 was missed.The laboratory internal quality control system was established.Two cases of new alleles were detected and named by WHO Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System.Conclusion:The HLA genotyping results based on NGS showed a significantly lower ambiguity rate.The HLA class Ⅱ alleles exhibit genetic polymorphism in the Han population of unrelated healthy individuals in Shenzhen.The independent method based on NGS in clinical histocompatibility testing has limitations and requires internal quality control strategies to avoid allele-dropout events.

Humans ; Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy*

Objective: To systematically summarize and evaluate the development of update and detailed recommendations of the existing global screening guidelines in high-risk population with a family history of colorectal cancer. Methods: The words "colorectal cancer", "screening", "guideline", "consensus", "recommendations" and "family history" in Chinese and English were used as MESH terms for literature retrieval, as well as entry terms. The retrieval was performed based on China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science, as well as official websites. The languages of literatures were limited in Chinese and English. As of May 24, 2022, a total of 20 valid literatures had been retrieved. The basic information of the literatures and the recommendations of colorectal cancer screening for people with family history were collected and analyzed. Results: The analysis on the 20 literatures indicated that most countries/regions/institutions recommended age range of screening, screening modalities and intervals for people with family history of colorectal cancer. For the individuals who have one first-degree relative diagnosed with colorectal cancer before 60 years of age,most guidelines recommended the screening to be started at 40 years or 10 years earlier than the age when the youngest first-degree relative was diagnosed. The most commonly recommended screening modality was colonoscopy. Conclusions: Most current screening guidelines for high-risk people with family history of colorectal cancer recommend colonoscopy as the main modality. This review will provide reference for the update of screening strategies in high-risk people with family history of colorectal cancer in China, and further improve the practices of screening, early diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.
Adult ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Risk Factors

Objective: To compare trends in congenital heart disease (CHD) mortality between China and North America from 1990 to 2017. Methods: Using the data from the Global Burden Of Disease (GBD) study 2017, we analyzed the related indicators of CHD mortality in China and North America from 1990 to 2017, including standardized mortality, number of deaths, age distribution of death population and age-specific mortality of CHD in each birth cohort. Age-period-cohort model was used to calculate the annual percent change of age-standardized and age-specific mortality rates of CHD (% per year), period effect-adjusted age-specific mortality rates, and the relative risk of death among CHD population at different time periods (2000－2004 as reference period) and different birth cohorts (1970 as reference cohort). Results: In 2017, the age-standardized mortality rates for CHD in China and North America were 2.63/100 000 and 1.13/100 000 respectively, a decrease of 50.4% and 49.4% compared to 1990. Of all deaths from CHD in China, 76.8% were found in children under 5 years, which was higher than that in North America (51.7%). For population under 40 years, the period effect-adjusted age-specific mortality was higher in China (0.46-167.94 per 100 000 person-years) than in North America (0.68-22.47 per 100 000 person-years); whereas for population over 40 years, mortality was lower in China (0.13-0.34/100 000 person years) than in North America (0.43-0.72/100 000 person-years).From 1990 to 2017, CHD mortality in China decreased by 1.95% per year. The annual decrease of mortality ranged from 1.95% to 3.64% per year in population under 45 years, but the mortality showed increasing trends among those over 50 years. In 2015－2019, the relative risk of death from CHD decreased by 31% in China and 24% in North America. For 2015 birth cohort, the relative risk of death decreased by 84% in China and by 64% in North America. Conclusions: In the past 30 years, the risk of death from CHD in China has significantly decreased, and the survival gap with North America is dramatically narrowed. However, mortality is higher among younger populations in China than in North America, and the mortality in the elders shows increasing trends each year in China.

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is developing rapidly and posing great threat to public health. There is no effective intervention for the severe patients, and their prognosis is poor. It is worth noting that in the fight against COVID-19, China has always put equal emphasis on both Chinese and Western medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine has played an important role in the whole process. It is of great significance to discuss the rules and characteristics of the prescription of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of COVID-19. In this study, information was collected from 444 severe COVID-19 patients who were admitted to a hospital designated to treat patients with severe COVID-19 in Wuhan before March 20, 2020. We collected traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for patients with severe COVID-19, referred to Chinese Pharmacopoeia to standardize the names of traditional Chinese medicine, and extract the property, flavor and channel tropism of traditional Chinese medicines to analyze the rules of the prescriptions. IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0 software was used to conduct correlation analysis of traditional Chinese medicine. Effective traditional Chinese medicines against COVID-19 was identified by the TCMATCOV platform. In the end, 1 532 effective prescriptions were included. Among them, the high-frequency drugs are Poria, Astragali Radix, Pogostemonis Herba, Armeniacae Semen Amarum, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, Ephedrae Herba, Cinna-momi Ramulus. Most of the drugs have the following functions: resolving dampness, replenishing deficiency, resolving phlegm, cough, and asthma. The core combinations are Pogostemonis Herba-Poria, Astragali Radix-Pogostemonis Herba-Poria, Amomi Fructus-Poria, Amomi Fructus-Pogostemonis Herba, Amomi Fructus-Astragali Radix. The majority of the medicines are with cold and warm properties, and the proportions are 41.03% and 38.46%, respectively. The medicinal flavors are mainly concentrated in sweet and bitter, and the proportions are 34.71% and 30.58%, respectively. The meridian of the drug is more into the lung, stomach and spleen, with lung accounting for 22.87%. From the analysis of high-frequency drugs to the core combinations, one can see that the main treatment principle for severe COVID-19 is to remove internal and external dampness, protect the spleen and stomach, remove evil energy, and support righteousness. TCMATCOV platform was used to calculate the network disturbances of the high-frequency drugs. It was found that the traditional Chinese medicine with a high disturbance score accounted for a high proportion of the classic anti-COVID-19 prescriptions used by clinicians. Among them, the drugs with top scores are Ephedrae Herba, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Eupatorii Herba, Platycodonis Radix, Cinnamomi Ramulus, Astragali Radix, Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Pogostemonis Herba, Scutellariae Radix. After a further exploration of the action targets, it was showed that disease-specific factor TNF was the target of the above ten drugs, and traditional Chinese medicine can exert anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects.
Betacoronavirus ; China ; Coronavirus Infections ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; drug therapy

Objective:To understand the characteristics and differences of diarrhea-related symptoms caused by different pathogens, and the clinical features of various pathogens causing diarrhea.Methods:Etiology surveillance program was conducted among 20 provinces of China from 2010 to 2016. The acute diarrhea outpatients were collected from clinics or hospitals. A questionnaire was used to survey demographics and clinical features. VFeces samples were taken for laboratory detection of 22 common diarrhea pathogens, to detect and analyze the clinical symptom pattern characteristics of the patient’s.Results:A total of 38 950 outpatients were enrolled from 20 provinces of China. The positive rates of Rotavirus and Norovirus were the highest among the five diarrhea-causing viruses (Rotavirus: 18.29%, Norovirus: 13.06%). In the isolation and culture of 17 diarrhea-causing bacterial, Escherichia coli showed the highest positive rates (6.25%). The clinical features of bacterial diarrhea and viral diarrhea were mainly reflected in the results of fecal traits and routine examination, but pathogenic Vibrio infection was similar to viral diarrhea. Conclusion:Infectious diarrhea presents different characteristics due to various symptoms which can provide a basis for clinical diagnosis.

Objectives:The aim of this study was to observe whether transthoracic pulmonary artery denervation (TPADN) could reduce the pulmonary arterial pressure and attenuate pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by monocrotaline. Methods:Twenty-four healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, sham operation group and operation group (n=8 per group). Rats in sham operation group and operation group received single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg). After four weeks, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and other hemodynamic parameters were measured with the right heart catheter in rats of these two groups. Then, operation group received the surgery of TPADN, which included thoracotomy in left 2-3 rib, exposing pulmonary artery, and removing the near connective tissue of the pulmonary artery trunk. After two weeks of operation, the mPAP and other hemodynamic parameters were measured again by the right heart catheter. The microstructure changes of the heart and pulmonary vessels was observed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Meanwhile, RV cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (CSA) and the right hearthy pertrophy index (RVHI= RV/[LV+S]) were used to evaluate the degree of right ventricular hypertrophy. Results:After four weeks of injection of MCT, the mPAP was significantly higher in the operation group and the sham operation group than in control group (P＜0.01). Two weeks after the surgery of TPADN, the mPAP was significantly reduced in the operation group than compared in the sham group(P＜0.01). Meanwhile, the percentage of medial thickness to outer diameter of the small pulmonary arterioles, right ventricular myocardial cell cross-sectional area and RVHI were also significantly decreased in the operation group compared to sham operation group(all P＜0.01). Conclusions:Our results show that TPADN could reduce the mean pulmonary arterial pressure and attenuate the hypertrophy of medial thickness of small pulmonary arterioles and of right ventricle in PAH rats induced by monocrotaline.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effects of tea polyphenols (TP) against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injuries and explore the possible mechanisms.

METHODSLangendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to ischemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion for another 30 min. Myocardial function indices were measured by a left ventricular cannula via a pressure transducer connected to the polygraph in isolated Langendorff hearts and energy metabolism was measured using (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Whole-cell atch-clamp technique was used to record calcium inward current (I(Ca-L)) in cultured rat cardiac myocytes.

RESULTSCompared with the control hearts, the ex vivo rat hearts with 2.5 mg/L TP treatment showed significantly increased left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), maximal rise rate of LVDP (+dp/d(tmax)), maximal fall rate of LVDP (-dp/dt(max)), and coronary flow (CF) (P<0.05). During both cardiac ischemia and reperfusion phase, ATP and PCr levels were elevated significantly in TP-treated hearts compared with those in the control hearts (P<0.05). In cultured rat cardiac myocytes, ICa-L was remarkably decreased by TP at the doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/L (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONOur results support a possible protective role of TP against myocardial IR injury by improving myocardial energy metabolism and inhibiting I(Ca-L) in the cardiac myocytes.

Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Calcium Channels ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Energy Metabolism ; Heart ; drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Polyphenols ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Tea ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of L-alanyl-L-glutamine (Ala-Gln) on the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in the intestinal tissues of low-birth-weight (LBW) newborn rats with hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced intestinal injury.

METHODSPregnant rats were fed with or without smoking. The rats born by those fed without smoking were included in group A; for the rats born by those fed with smoking, normal-birth-weight rats were included in group B, and LBW rats were randomly divided into control group (group C), hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) group (group D), and Ala-Gln group (group E). Each group consisted of 24 newborn rats. The rats in groups D and E received H/R treatment twice a day for three consecutive days to establish an intestinal injury model; the rats in group E were intraperitoneally injected with Ala-Gln (10 ml/kg) before daily H/R treatment, while those in groups C and D were given an equal dose of normal saline by intraperitoneal injections. On days 4, 7, and 10 after birth, 8 rats were sacrificed in each group to collect intestinal tissues. The IGF-1 levels in intestinal tissues were measured using ELISA, and IGF-1R levels were measured by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences in IGF-1 and IGF-1R levels between groups A and B at all time points. The levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in group C kept increasing, were higher than those in other groups on day 7 (P<0.05), and reached a normal level on day 10, without significant differences compared with those in groups A and B. Group D had significantly lower IGF-1 and IGF-1R levels than group C at all time points (P<0.05). The levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in group E were lower than those in group C on days 4 and 7 (P<0.05), but they increased to approximately the levels in group C and were significantly higher than those in group D on day 10.

CONCLUSIONSIntrauterine and postnatal hypoxia may induce intestinal injury in LBW newborn rats, and parenteral administration of high-dose Ala-Gln can reduce hypoxia-induced intestinal injury. Therefore, Ala-Gln has a protective effect against hypoxia-induced intestinal injury.

Animals ; Birth Weight ; Dipeptides ; pharmacology ; Female ; Hypoxia ; metabolism ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; analysis ; Intestines ; chemistry ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, IGF Type 1 ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo compare the performances of fecal occult blood quantitive testing instrument and colloidal gold strip method in colorectal cancer screening.

METHODSA representative random population of 9000 subjects aging between 40 and 74 years old were selected from Xuxiang, Haining city, Zhejiang province, by random cluster sampling method in year 2011. The fecal samples from each subject were separately detected by the two methods, namely fecal occult blood quantitive testing instrument and colloidal gold strip method. The positive result was standardized by hemoglobin concentration (HGB) ≥ 100 ng/ml under the application of quantitive testing instrument, or color-developing by colloidal gold strip method. The positive subjects from either method would be provided a further colonoscopy examination for pathological diagnosis. The positive rate and consistency of the two methods were compared, as well as the positive predictive value and population detecting rate of the colorectal cancer and adenoma.

RESULTSA total of 6475 (71.9%) subjects submitted their two fecal samples according to our requirement in 9000 subjects. There were separately 319 positive cases (4.9%) and 146 positive cases (2.3%) by the performances of fecal occult blood quantitive testing instrument and colloidal gold strip method, including 45 positive in both tests (Kappa = 0.168, 95%CI:0.119-0.217).184 out of the 319 positive cases (57.7%) in the test by quantitive testing instrument and 89 out of 146 positive cases (61.0%) in the test by colloidal gold strip method received the colonoscopy examination. There were no significant statistical differences between the two methods in the positive predictive value of colorectal cancer (P > 0.05) , developing adenoma and non-developing adenoma.However, the population detecting rate of the colorectal cancer and developing adenoma were higher in the test by quantitive testing instrument (26 cases, 0.402%) than it in the test by colloidal gold strip method (10 cases, 0.154%). The difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 7.131, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe performances of fecal occult blood quantitive testing instrument might be better than colloidal gold strip method in colorectal cancer screening. However, the results need to be further verified.

Adenoma ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Feces ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Occult Blood