As a key ocular structure, ciliary muscle has a major role in accommodating both eye and aqueous humor drainage. Recent studies have found that the position and shape of ciliary muscles in myopia are significantly different from those in emmetropia or hyperopia, and the differences of ciliary muscle may affect the progress of myopia by altering ocular accommodation, choroidal tension and intraocular pressure. The present evidence indicating that the thickening of posterior ciliary muscle was associated with the development of myopia, but the mechanism has not been clearly confirmed. This paper summarizes the relationship between the differences of ciliary muscle and myopia, and the possible mechanism of myopia changes affected by ciliary muscle, so as to provide reference for follow-up research.

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst after pegaspargase treatment in children. Methods: The clinical data of 6 children with pancreatic pseudocyst after pegaspargase treatment in the Department of Pediatrics in Peking University Third Hospital from July 2018 to February 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: There were 4 males and 2 females, and their age of onset was 9.5 (5.8, 13.0) years. The total number of pegaspargase applications was 2.5 (2.0, 3.5) times. The course from the last dose of pegaspargase to the onset of pancreatitis was 11.0 (9.0, 17.2) days, and 42.5 (35.0, 129.5) days from the onset of pancreatitis to the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst. Abdominal pain was the most prominent manifestation of pancreatitis (6/6). All of the 6 children were asymptomatic when pancreatic pseudocyst was noted, and were treated conservatively at first, but one case later developed intermittent abdominal distension or nausea after eating. All the cases had pancreatic pseudocyst enlargement during the conservative treatment. Three children were treated with endoscopic ultrasound-guided transgastric drainage, and the cyst disappeared from 10 days to 4 months after the operation. The other 3 children received endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-guided transpapillary drainage, but one of them turned to surgery due to pancreatic duct stricture, and in the rest 2 children the cyst disappeared at 1 and 3 months after operation respectively. Regarding safety issues, 1 child who received ERCP-guided transpapillary drainage had acute postoperative pancreatitis, which were improved after treatment, and the other 5 had no complications. Conclusions: Pancreatic pseudocyst after pegaspargase chemotherapy can be asymptomatic in the early stage, and should be diagnosed with a history of pegaspargase treatment and timely imaging examination. Conservative treatment is the first choice for asymptomatic pseudocyst. When the pseudocyst enlarges, different endoscopic drainage treatments are required according to whether the pseudocyst is connected with the main pancreatic duct.
Female ; Male ; Humans ; Child ; Retrospective Studies ; Asparaginase ; Polyethylene Glycols/adverse effects* ; Pancreatitis

Compounds(1-6) were isolated and identified from 90% ethanol extract of the stems and leaves of Cassia occidentalis through column chromatography with silica gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH-20. These compounds were identified as 7-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl)-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one(1), saccharonol A(2), S-6-hydroxymullein(3), 2-methyl-5-acetonyl-7-hydroxy-chromone(4), 2-(2'-hydroxypropyl)-5-methyl-7-hydroxychromone(5) and 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone(6) based on their physicochemical and spectroscopic data. Among them, compound 1 was a new compound, and all the compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. DPPH method was employed to determine the antioxidant activities of these compounds in vitro. Six compounds exhibited weak antioxidant activities.
Chromones ; Plant Leaves ; Senna Plant ; Spectrum Analysis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression level of miR-181b in CD19+ B lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), to analyze the relationship between its expression and the prognosis of CLL patients, and to predict the potential target gene of miR-181b in CLL by using bioinformatics. METHODS: Eight-four patients with CLL treated in People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from June 2013 to June 2018 were selected. and 20 healthy people were selected as control group. RNA was extracted from CD19+B lymphocytes of peripheral blood by magnetic bead sorting, the expression level of miR-181b was detected, and it's expression differences in different IPI groups were analyzed. The correlation between the expression level of miR-181b and PFS of CLL patients also was analyzed. miR-181b target genes were predicted by online database and literatures, and gene annotation analysis and relevant signal pathway analysis were performed for candidate target genes. RESULTS: The expression level of miR-181b in CLL patients was significantly lower than that in control group (P＜0.01); The expression level of miR-181b in the low-risk group was higher than that in high-risk group and extremely high-risk group (P＜0.05), but there was no statistical difference between low-risk group and medium-risk group (P=1.00). The expression level of miR-181b in medium-risk group was higher than that in high-risk group and extremely high-risk group (P＜0.05), but there was no difference between high-risk group and extremely high-risk group (P=1.00). ROC curve results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.792 (P＜0.01).When the expression level of miR-181b was at the threshold value of 0.279, it showed a better sensitivity (62.9%) and specificity (91.8%). Survival analysis results suggested that compared with the high expression group, the miR-181b low expression group had poor PFS (log rank: P=0.047). Prediction of miR-181b by using the starBase, targetscan and picTar database and its combination with literature reports indicated that CARD11, ZFP36L1, RUNX1, NR4A3, ATP1B1, PUM1 and PLAG1 related with blood diseases, and up-regulated CARD11 and ZFP36L1 participated in lymphoid tumor formation by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting cell aging. CONCLUSION The expression level of miR-181b in CLL group are significantly lower than that in the controls group, and the low expression of miR-181b relates with poor prognosis of CLL patients. Through bioinformatics prediction and combined with literature reports, it is speculated that CARD11 and ZFP36L1 as target genes of miR-181b may be participated in the occurrence and development of CLL. Further experiments are needed to verify this result.
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell ; genetics ; MicroRNAs ; Prognosis

A total of ten compounds were isolated from the 90% Et OH extract of Cassia siamea by using various chormatographic techniques,and their structures were established as( 2' S)-2-( propan-2'-ol)-5,7-dihydroxy-benzopyran-4-one( 1),chrobisiamone( 2), 2-( 2'-hydroxypropyl)-5-methyl-7-hydroxychromone( 3), 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone( 4), 2-methyl-5-acetonyl-7-hydroxychromone( 5),3-O-methylquercetin( 6),3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavonone( 7),luteolin-5,3'-dimethylether( 8),4-( trans)-acetul-3,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-dihydronapht halenone( 9) and 6-hydroxymellein( 10) based on the spectroscopic data.Compound 1 was a new compound,and 3,4,6,8 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Cassia ; Luteolin ; Senna Plant ; Spectrum Analysis

The paper is to report the development of a method of quantitative analysis of multi-components by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for simultaneously determining paeoniflorin sulfonate (PS), paeoniflorin (PF) and albiflorin (AF) in sulfated Paeoniae Radix Alba. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of paeoniflorin sulfonate by MTT-assay and the acute toxicity of mice by administration of paeoniflorin sulfonate were evaluated. Chromatographic separation of paeoniflorin sulfonate, PF and AF were performed on a SHISEIDO CAPCELL PAK C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) for HPLC and a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.02% phosphoric acid solution (15 : 85) as the mobile phase. As detector a spectrophotometer set at 230 nm; column temperature 30 degrees C; flow rate 1.0 mL x min(-1). The toxicity of paeoniflorin sulfonate was evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity carried out on mouse and human primary hepatocytes, and by acute oral toxicity test carried out on mice. The calibration curve of paeoniflorin sulfonate, PF and AF revealed linearity in the range of 0.041 8 - 1.045 0, 0.023 5 - 0.587 5, and 0.039 8 - 0.995 0 mg x mL(-1), respectively (r > 0.999 8). The average recovery was ranged from 99.11% to 101.71%, RSD < 2%. Paeoniflorin sulfonate does not have any cytotoxicity to cells at all the tested concentrations (< or = 300 micromol x L(-1)) in the in vitro cytotoxicity assay. The maximum tolerance dose of paeoniflorin sulfonate solution and extraction of Paeoniae Radix Alba to mouse is 5 g x kg(-1) and 80 g x kg(-1) respectively. The contents of these three components in the samples were determined with the developed method. It is a rapid, convenient and accurate method to determine multi-components. The content of PF in sulfated Paeoniae Radix Alba is significantly lower, and there is negative correlationship between the content of paeoniflorin sulfonate and PF. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay and in vivo mouse acute toxicity test showed that there is no obvious toxicity of paeoniflorin sulfonate and water-soluble extract of sulfated Paeoniae Radix Alba.
Animals ; Benzoates ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; toxicity ; Bridged-Ring Compounds ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; toxicity ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Glucosides ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; toxicity ; Hepatocytes ; drug effects ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Monoterpenes ; Paeonia ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Sulfur ; pharmacology ; Volatilization

OBJECTIVETo assess the acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (Pr-EP) among the female sex workers in Xinjiang.

METHODSA volunteer-based, anonymous and one-to-one questionnaire survey was conducted in 762 female sex workers (FSW) in Urumqi and Kelamayi of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

RESULTAmong 762 FSW surveyed, 673 (88.32%) was not aware of pre-exposure prophylaxis with an awareness rate of 11.55%. The awareness rate of FSWs working in high-end entertainment venues was higher than that of FSWs working in medium-low end entertainment venues(P<0.001). Five hundred and twenty eight FSWs (69.29%) were willing to take Pr-EP, 145 (19.03%) were unwilling to take the medicine and 89 (11.68%) were possible to use the Pr-EP. There was no significant difference in willingness of using Pr-EP among FSWs working in high and medium-low end entertainment venuew (P=0.285). The subjects who were willing to take Pr-EP mainly concerned of the drug security, effectiveness and cost. The main reasons for not willing to take Pr-EP were: not having risk of infecting HIV, suspecting effectiveness of Pr-EP and worrying about side effects.

CONCLUSIONThe acceptability to use Pr-EP in female sex workers of Xinjiang is relatively high and the drug security, effectiveness and cost will influence the promotion and application of Pr-EP in the future.

Adult ; Chemoprevention ; China ; Female ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Sex Work ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDLiver injury is one of the most important adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy, leading to therapy changing or discontinuation. Data on liver injury in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy are limited in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the features of liver injury in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients receiving non-nucleosides reverse transcriptase inhibitors-based antiretroviral therapy in China.

METHODSSeventy-five patients on antiretroviral therapy containing non-nucleosides reverse transcriptase inhibitors were retrospectively studied. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (with liver injury, n = 45) and group 2 (without liver injury, n = 30). The features of liver injury were analyzed. The sex, age, baseline CD4 counts, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, hepatotoxic drug use and nevirapine or efavirenz use were compared between two groups.

RESULTSForty-five patients (60.0%), 31 (68.9%) males and 14 (31.1%) females, aged 12 to 52 years (averaged (39 ± 9) years), experienced at least one episode of liver injury. Forty (53.3%) patients were co-infected with HBV and/or HCV, 42 (56%) patients had concomitant use of antituberculosis drugs or cotrimoxazole, 46 (61.3%) and 29 (38.7%) patients received regimen containing nevirapine and efavirenz, respectively. Grade 1 liver injuries were observed in 26 (57.8%) patients, grade 2 in 16 (35.6%), grade 3 in 2 (4.0%) and grade 4 in 1 (2.2%). Three (6.7%) patients discontinued highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) due to liver injury. In group 1, there were 29 (64.4%) patients co-infected with HBV and/or HCV, 32 (71.1%) patients received regimen containing nevirapine, and 30 (66.7%) patients had concomitant use of anti-tuberculosis drugs or cotrimoxazole, respectively, significantly higher than those in group 2 (11 (36.7%), 14 (46.7%) and 12 (40%), respectively; P = 0.018, 0.033, 0.023, respectively). The sex, age, baseline CD4 counts and disease stage were not factors associated with liver injury.

CONCLUSIONSLiver injury associated with HAART containing non-nucleosides reverse transcriptase inhibitors was mild to moderate and those who were co-infected with HBV and/or HCV, had concomitant use of antituberculosis drugs or cotrimoxazole and received a regimen containing nevirapine were prone to liver injury while receiving HAART.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; drug therapy ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; adverse effects ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; etiology ; Child ; Female ; HIV-1 ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nevirapine ; adverse effects ; Retrospective Studies ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo study the immunocharacteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and provide experimental evidence for the potential therapeutic application.

METHODSMSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow and confirmed by immunophenotype, and the growth dynamic and cell cycle were analyzed. MSCs were cultured with or without 200 U/ml interferon gamma (IFNg) , the expression of PDL-1, CD54, CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-I, and MHC-II was detected by flow cytometry. MSCs were used as regulatory cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), the PDL-1 and CD54 molecules on MSCs were blocked to explore their roles in MLR. The IFN, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 molecules in culture supernatant were quantified by ELISA. The homing of MSCs to liver and induction of microchimerism were analyzed after MSCs transplantation.

RESULTSThe purity of MSCs was high. The growth curve showed that the first two days were the lag phase; the third, fourth, fifth days were the log phase; the sixth and seventh days were the stationary phase. Flow cytometry indicated that 76.0%+/-2.0% of the MSCs were in G1/G0 phase, 13.0%+/-2.0% in S phase, 10.0%+/-1.7% in G2 and M phase. IFNg treatment led to up-regulation of CD54, PDL-1, MHC-I and MHC-II, however, CD40, CD80 and CD86 were not expressed on MSCs even after IFNg treatment. MSCs inhibited MLR, IFNg treatment enhanced the inhibitory effect of MSCs on MLR. Blocking of PDL-1 or CD54 on MSCs partially alleviated the inhibition effect. There were high levels of IFNg and IL-10, and low level of IL-4 in the culture supernatant of MLR, however, IL-2 was not detected. MSCs can home to the liver and induce formation of microchimerism after transplantation.

CONCLUSIONIFNg treatment enhances the inhibitory effect of MSCs on MLR, PDL-1 and CD54 are key molecules mediating this inhibitory effect. MSC can home to the liver and induce formation of microchimerism after transplantation.

Animals ; B7-1 Antigen ; immunology ; metabolism ; Bone Marrow Cells ; drug effects ; immunology ; metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; immunology ; metabolism ; Interferon-gamma ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; drug effects ; immunology ; metabolism ; Rats ; T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; immunology ; metabolism

The objective of study was to investigate the origin and to classify the subtype of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced thymic lymphomas in mice. Histopathologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies were performed to analyze the pathological features of the neoplasms. The results showed that the thymus in all cases became totally replaced by sheets of cells of the lymphoid series. All the tumors coexpressed CD3 and TdT. Transmission electron microscopic study showed the plasma membranes of malignant lymphoma cells were smooth. The nuclear profiles were usually regular, with varying percentage of convoluted nuclei. Few cell organoids were observed in cytoplasm. In conclusion, all the MNU-induced tumor classified by histopathologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies as precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma that were unquestionably related to the thymus origin and T-cell lineage.
Animals ; Female ; Lymphoma ; chemically induced ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Male ; Methylnitrosourea ; adverse effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Thymus Gland ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Thymus Neoplasms ; chemically induced ; pathology ; ultrastructure