BACKGROUND:In recent years,deep learning technologies have been increasingly applied in the field of oral medicine,enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of oral imaging analysis and promoting the rapid development of intelligent oral medicine. OBJECTIVE:To elaborate the current research status,advantages,and limitations of deep learning based on oral imaging in the diagnosis and treatment decision-making of oral diseases,as well as future prospects,exploring new directions for the transformation of oral medicine under the backdrop of deep learning technology. METHODS:PubMed was searched for literature related to deep learning in oral medical imaging published from January 2017 to January 2024 with the search terms"deep learning,artificial intelligence,stomatology,oral medical imaging."According to the inclusion criteria,80 papers were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Classic deep learning models include artificial neural networks,convolutional neural networks,recurrent neural networks,and generative adversarial networks.Scholars have used these models in competitive or cooperative forms to achieve more efficient interpretation of oral medical images.(2)In the field of oral medicine,the diagnosis of diseases and the formulation of treatment plans largely depend on the interpretation of medical imaging data.Deep learning technology,with its strong image processing capabilities,aids in the diagnosis of diseases such as dental caries,periapical periodontitis,vertical root fractures,periodontal disease,and jaw cysts,as well as preoperative assessments for procedures such as third molar extraction and cervical lymph node dissection,helping clinicians improve the accuracy and efficiency of decision-making.(3)Although deep learning is promising as an important auxiliary tool for the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases,it still has certain limitations in model technology,safety ethics,and legal regulation.Future research should focus on demonstrating the scalability,robustness,and clinical practicality of deep learning,and finding the best way to integrate automated deep learning decision support systems into routine clinical workflows.

BackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury （NSSI） behavior among adolescents has become a global public health concern. Anxiety and depression are considered key factors influencing NSSI behavior， while social support may play a protective role in alleviating emotional and behavioral issues. However， existing research has primarily focused on the direct impact of individual factors on NSSI behavior， with insufficient exploration of the combined effects of anxiety， depression and social support. ObjectiveTo investigate the direct effect of anxiety on NSSI， the mediating role of depression and the moderating role of social support in relationship between anxiety and NSSI behavior， thus to provide references for the prevention and intervention of NSSI behavior among adolescents. MethodsIn February 2022， a total of 40 820 students in grades 7 to 12 across 10 middle schools in a district of Chengdu were selected as participants， and they were assessed using Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 item （GAD-7）， Patient's Health Questionnaire Depression Scale-9 item （PHQ-9）， Social Support Scale for Urban Students （SSSUS） and Adolescent Self-Harm Scale （ASHS）. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the correlations between scale scores among adolescents with NSSI behaviors. Mediation and moderation analyses were performed using Process 3.5 in SPSS， and the significance was tested with bootstrapping. The interaction was visualized by using simple slope analysis. ResultsAmong 34 534 （84.60%） valid respondents， 542 adolescents （1.57%） reported engaging in NSSI behavior. Significant differences in gender， GAD-7 scores， PHQ-9 scores， and SSSUS scores were observed between NSSI behavior group and non-NSSI group （χ²/t=62.889， 71.120， 94.365， -41.464， P<0.01）.Adolesents with NSSI showed positive correlations between GAD-7 scores and both ASHS and PHQ-9 scores （r=0.158， 0.166， P<0.01）. PHQ-9 scores were positively correlated with ASHS scores （r=0.364， P<0.01）， but negatively correlated with SSSUS scores （r=-0.290， P<0.01）. SSSUS scores were negatively correlated with ASHS scores （r=-0.247， P<0.01）. Depression partially mediated the relationship between anxiety and NSSI behavior， with an effect size of 0.544 （95% CI： 0.162~0.944）， accounting for 35.79% of the total effect. Social support moderated the relationship between depression and NSSI bahavior， with an effect value of -0.082 （95% CI： -0.135~-0.029）. ConclusionAnxiety not only directly influences NSSI bahavior among adolescents， also indirectly exacerbates it through depression， while social support mitigates the impact of depression on NSSI behavior. ［Funded by Youth Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China （number， 82401812）； Project of Health Commission of Sichuan Province （number， 24LCYJPT18）］

Objective:To establish an animal model of trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis in SD rats.Methods:A self-designed V-shaped distraction device(distractor)was fabricated with the traction force(N)of 0,1.3,2.2,3.0,4.3 and 5.0 corresponding to the distraction length(mm)of 5,4,3,2,1 and 0 respectively,meeting the trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis requirements in skull of 5-week-old SD rats.The distractor was plased into the sagittal suture of 12 SD rats.Continuous sampling was conducted 1,3,5 and 7 days respectively(n=3)after operation.The tissue changes in the trans-sutural distraction area were observed by HE and Masson's trichrome staining.Inflammation levels were determined using Arg-1 immunofluorescence staining.The early angiogenesis was clarified through co-staining with CD31 and EMCN.Results:A stable trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis model was estab-lished,5 mm distraction osteogenesis width was observed completely within 7 days of distraction.Significant new bone formation was observed at 7 days after operation.Arg-1 expression increased and was concentrated at the bone margins,overlapping with the areas of new bone formation.EMCN expression gradually decreased,and by day 7 CD31 was predominant,indicating the basic maturation of blood vessels.Conclusion:This study successfully constructed a stable and effective trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis animal model,and provides an experimental basis for the investigation of its early continuous histological changes.

Objective:To investigate the application of 3-D ultrasonography enabled by a wide band linear matrix array volume transducer in the localisation of perforating vessels of a free anterolateral thigh perforator flap (ALTPF) before surgery, and to guide microsurgeons in precise design and harvest of a ALTPF.Methods:From May 2020 to October 2022, a retrospective study was carried out on 35 patients who had soft tissue defects and undertaken free ALTPF surgery in Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Wuxi No.9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University. ALTPFs were transfered for reconstruction of soft tissue defects of foot in 25 patients and of ankle in 10 patients. The age of patients were 20 to 66 years old. The defects were 11.0 cm×8.0 cm-28.0 cm×9.0 cm in size. The sizes of ALTPFs were at 12.0 cm×9.0 cm-29.0 cm×10.0 cm. Before surgery, ultrasound scans with a wide band linear matrix array volume transducer were performed to locate the perforating vessels. The 3-D ultrasound images showing the perforating vessels of ALTPFs were acquired and the number, location and classification of the perforating vessels were saved. After the appropriate perforating vessels had been determined, ALTPFs were designed for precisely intraoperative incision. The accuracy of preoperative location of perforating vessels by the linear matrix array volume ultrasound transducer was investigated in surgery. All patients received the scheduled postoperative follow-up at outpatient clinics.Results:Of the 72 perforating vessels discovered in surgery, 70 matched with those being located by ultrasound before surgery. It was found that a total of 67 perforating vessels located before surgery by ultrasonography were consistently mapped with the perforators discovered in surgery. Of the 67 consistently mapped perforating vessels, 19 were Kimura type I, 27 of Kimura type II and 21 of Kimura type III perforators. The rate of sensitivity and positive prediction were 95.7% and 93.1%, respectively, in the preoperative localisation of perforating vessels of ALTPFs with a wide band linear matrix array volume ultrasound transducer. Twenty-five ALTPFs were harvested subfascially and 10 superfascially. Average size of ALTPFs was 17.7 cm × 8.6 cm. The perforating vessels revealed during the harvest of all ALTPFs were basically consistent with the preoperative 3-D ultrasound. All flaps survived after surgery without any incident. The postoperative follow-up lasted 8 to 20 months, with 12.7 months in average.Conclusion:The 3-D ultrasonography with a wide band linear matrix array volume ultrasound transducer can accurately locate the perforating vessels of ALTPF before surgery. This technique has many advantages in the design and harvest of super-thin ALTPFs.

Objective To investigate the acute toxicology and intervention effect of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma on rats with chronic pharyngitis.Methods A single,maximum dose of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma(74.4 g·kg-1)was administered to Kunming mice to evaluate its toxicity,involving the assessment of the survival status of the mice,organ indices,morphological changes in major organs,blood routine,and biochemical indicators.SD rats were randomly divided into the control group,model group,prednisone group(6.25 mg·kg-1),and low-,medium-,and high-dose Panacis Majoris Rhizoma groups(0.58,1.16,and 2.32 g·kg-1).All rats received the corresponding drugs(or normal saline)via intragastric administration once daily for a duration of 30 days.Except the control group,chronic pharyngitis was induced in rats of the other groups by using β-hemolytic streptococcus.Following euthanasia,serum inflammatory levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1),C-reactive protein(CRP),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),and prostaglandin E2(PGE2)were measured.Additionally,pharyngeal tissues were stained with HE and pathological characteristics were observed.Results Toxicological studies have demonstrated that the administration of Panacis Majoris Rhizoma resulted in significant increase in plasma alanine transaminase levels and spleen index of mice,along with corresponding tissue pathological alterations.Nevertheless,no noteworthy pathological changes were observed in other organs,and there were no notable changes in blood routine and plasma biochemical indicators.Pharmacodynamic investigations have revealed that Panacis Maioris Rhizoma effectively reduces the serum levels of inflammatory factors and improves pathological changes in pharyngeal tissues.Conclusion Panacis Maioris Rhizoma alleviated β-hemolytic streptococcus-induced CP by inhibiting inflammatory responses,and may show potential toxicity to the spleen.

Giant extralobar pulmonary sequestration in newborns is still relatively rare in pulmonary diseases, and there are few relevant studies published. A neonate with the giant extralobar pulmonary sequestration accompanied by severe pleural effusion was reported here. After 12 days of birth, the diseased lung tissue was surgically extracted. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery and was discharged from the hospital. The case shows the advantage of early surgical treatment to extralobar pulmonary sequestration with severe pleural effusion in neonatal period.

By organizing and studying on the original works of LI Wenrong， this paper aimed to explore his theories and methods for treating liver diseases. LI Wenrong believes that the liver is easily prone to physiological disturbances， difficult to pacify， and can be compared to a “chariot” that moves horizontally and vertically， acting as a “general” for both civil and military affairs. Pathologically， liver diseases tend to spread to other organs， resulting in ever-changing pathological changes， often affecting emotional health. In terms of therapeutic methods， LI Wenrong proposes ten methods including draining fire to calm the liver， nourishing water to moisten wood， clearing metal to calm the liver， calming gallbladder and harmonizing liver， subduing yang with shell-drug， treating liver diseases by supplementing spleen， soothing the liver with sweetness， astringing the liver with sourness， relieving the liver with spiciness， and draining the liver with excess-fire. These methods have great guidance and reference value for contemporary clinical practice in traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective:To explore the regulatory role of the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neural pathway from the lateral hypothalamus (LHA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in modulating anxiety-like behavior in mice.Methods:Totally 37 male SPF-grade C57BL/6J mice, aged 6 to 8 weeks and weighed 18-22 g, were used for the following experiment: (1) Five mice received an injection of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the NAc, followed by retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence staining after one week to observe the coexistence of FG and MCH immunopositive neurons in the LHA.(2)Thirty-two mice were injected with adeno-associated virus which could activate the MCH neurons into the LHA.After two weeks, they were randomly divided into four groups and received different drug injections: normal saline (NS, intraperitoneal injection)+ NS (1.5 μL, injection in the NAc) group, NS(intraperitoned injection) + SNAP94847 (SNAP, 2 mg/mL, 1.5 μL, injection in the NAc) group, chlorprothixene N-oxide (CNO, 0.15 mg/kg, intraperitoned injection) + NS(1.5 μL, injection in the NAc) group, and CNO(intraperitoned injection) + SNAP(1.5 μL injection in the NAc) group, and the SNAP94847 was an antagonist for MCH typel receptor.The open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and marble burial test (MBT) were employed to assess the impact of chemogenetic activation of MCH neurons on anxiety-related behavior in mice.Results:(1) The results of FG retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence histochemistry showed that MCH neurons in the LHA project their neural fibers to NAc neurons.(2) In the chemogenetic experiment, there was no significant interaction effect between CNO and SNAP in terms of the duration of stay ( Finteraction=2.899, P>0.05) and the distance moved ( Finteraction=1.603, P>0.05) in the central area during OFT experiments.However, the main effects of both CNO and SNAP intervention were significant in the duration of stay ( FCNO=6.767, FSNAP=7.656, both P<0.05) and the distance moved ( FCNO=12.480, FSNAP=7.999, both P<0.01) in the central area.Compared to the NS+ NS group, mice in the CNO+ NS group exhibited a shortened duration of stay ((89.00±19.16)s, (63.75±13.58)s, P<0.05) and a decrease in distance moved ((593.79±108.18)cm, (426.81±66.14)cm, P<0.05) in the central area.In contrast, mice in the CNO+ SNAP group had an extended duration of stay ((87.38±16.57)s) and an increase in distance moved ((569.27±73.20)cm) in the central area compared to the CNO+ NS group.There was no significant interaction effect between CNO and SNAP in the number of entries ( Finteraction=2.79, P>0.05) and the dwell time ( Finteraction=2.871, P>0.05) into the open arms of EPM experiments.However, the main effects of both CNO and SNAP interventions in the number of entries ( FCNO=10.43, P<0.01; FSNAP=4.96, P<0.05) and the dwell time ( FCNO=5.232, FSNAP=7.597, both P<0.05) into the open arms were significant.Compared to the NS+ NS group, mice in the CNO+ NS group showed a decrease in the number of entries ((13.13±3.36), (7.63±3.70), P<0.01) and a decrease in open arm dwell time ((37.68±11.37) s, (22.98±7.00) s, P<0.05) into the open arms.The CNO+ SNAP group had an increased number of entries (12.00±3.02) and an increased dwell time ((39.41±10.58)s) into the open arms compared to the CNO+ NS group(both P<0.05).There was no significant interaction effect between CNO and SNAP in the MBT experiment ( Finteraction=2.746, P>0.05).However, the main effects of both CNO and SNAP interventions were significant ( FCNO=8.125, P<0.01; FSNAP=5.383, P<0.05).Compared to the NS+ NS group, the number of buried beads increased in the CNO+ NS group ((16.13±2.10), (11.88±3.23), P<0.05).Conversely, the number of buried beads decreased in the CNO+ SNAP group compared to the CNO+ NS group ((12.38±2.33), (16.13±2.10), P<0.05). Conclusion:Enhanced activity in the MCHergic neural pathway from LHA to NAc can promote anxiety-like behavior in mice, providing new insights into the mechanisms underlying anxiety.

Purpose/Significance To investigate the application of cutting-edge technologies in predicting the incidence of hemor-rhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS),to compile and integrate various time-series analysis methods,evaluate and select the opti-mal model.Method/Process By utilizing national HFRS incidence data from 2004 to 2020,the effectiveness of models is predicted based on statistical methods:SARIMA,STL-ARIMA and TBATS,neural network approaches:NNAR,LSTM and combined models of SARIMA-LSTM with 3 different weighting schemes.The performance of these models is comprehensively assessed using RMSE,MAE and MAPE.Result/Conclusion The SARIMA and LSTM models are identified as the superior individual models.The combined SARI-MA-LSTM model demonstrates enhanced performance compared to individual models.The SARIMA-LSTM model optimized using the reciprocal of error method is deemed the optimal model.The optimal model is expected to provide technical support and references for the early warning system model design of HFRS.

Radiopharmaceuticals play an important role in the medical field,but they also carry certion risks and potential safety concerns.Medical institutions implement pharmacovigilance to ensure the safety of patients'drug use,including the safety of Radiopharmaceuticals.The operation and management of the pharmacovigilance system in the United States and the European Union are relatively mature.China can learn from their advanced concepts and establish our own radiopharmaciligence system.