Cryptorchidism is one of the common diseases in children’s genitourinary system. Surgery is the first choice for clinical treatment. Testicular atrophy is a serious complication after operation. The related risk factors of testicular atrophy include the age of operation, the position of testis before operation and the mode of operation. At present, the possible treatments for testicular atrophy are hormone therapy, stem cell therapy and so on. This article reviews the related risk factors, fertility, diagnosis and treatment of testicular atrophy after orchiopexy in children.