ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of Yishen Tongluo prescription in protecting mice from oxidative stress injury in diabetic kidney disease （DKD） via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）/heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1）/NAD（P）H quinone oxidoreductase 1 （NQO1） signaling pathway. MethodsSpecific pathogen-free （SPF） male C57BL/6 mice were assigned into a control group （n=10） and a modeling group （n=50）. The DKD model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The mice in the modeling group were randomized into a model group， a semaglutide （40 μg·kg^-1） group， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （18.2， 9.1， 4.55 g·kg^-1， respectively） Yishen Tongluo prescription groups， with 10 mice in each group. The treatment lasted for 12 weeks. Blood glucose and 24-h urine protein levels were measured， and the kidney index （KI） was calculated. Serum levels of creatinine （SCr）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） were assessed. The pathological changes in the renal tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin， periodic acid-Schiff， periodic acid-silver methenamine， and Masson’s trichrome staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to measure the levels of β2-microglobulin （β2-MG）， neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin （NGAL）， kidney injury molecule-1 （KIM-1）， liver fatty acid-binding protein （L-FABP）， nitric oxide synthase （NOS）， glutathione （GSH）， total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC）， and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine （8-OHdG）. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 （Keap1） and malondialdehyde （MDA）. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR） and Western blot were employed to determine the mRNA and protein levels， respectively， of factors in the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway. ResultsCompared with the control group， the DKD model group showed rises in blood glucose， 24-h urine protein， KI， SCr， BUN， and ALT levels， along with glomerular hypertrophy， renal tubular dilation， thickened basement membrane， mesangial expansion， and collagen deposition. Additionally， the model group showed elevated levels of β2-MG， NGAL， KIM-1， L-FABP， NOS， and 8-OHdG， lowered levels of GSH and T-AOC， up-regulated expression of MDA and Keap1， and down-regulated expression of Nrf2， HO-1， NQO1， and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit （GCLC） （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the semaglutide group and the medium- and high-dose Yishen Tongluo prescription groups showed reductions in blood glucose， 24-h urine protein， KI， SCr， BUN， and ALT levels， along with alleviated pathological injuries in the renal tissue. In addition， the three groups showed lowered levels of β2-MG， NGAL， KIM-1， L-FABP， NOS， and 8-OHdG， elevated levels of GSH and T-AOC， down-regulated expression of MDA and Keap1， and up-regulated expression of Nrf2， HO-1， NQO1， and GCLC （P<0.05）. ConclusionYishen Tongluo prescription exerts renoprotective effects in the mouse model of DKD by modulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway， mitigating oxidative stress， and reducing renal tubular injuries.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of Yishen Tongluo Formula in ameliorating renal pyroptosis in diabetic nephropathy mice by regulating the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods: Sixty C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into control (10 mice) and intervention groups (50 mice) using random number table method. The diabetes nephropathy model was established by intraperitoneally injecting streptozotocin(50 mg/kg). After modeling, the intervention group was further divided into model, semaglutide (40 μg/kg), and high-, medium-, and low-dose Yishen Tongluo Formula groups (15.6, 7.8, and 3.9 g/kg, respectively) using random number table method. The high-, medium-, and low-dose Yishen Tongluo Formula groups were administered corresponding doses of medication by gavage, the semaglutide group received a subcutaneous injection of semaglutide injection, and the control group and model groups were administered distilled water by gavage for 12 consecutive weeks. Random blood glucose levels of mice in each group were monitored, and the 24-h urinary protein content was measured using biochemical method every 4 weeks; after treatment, the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels were measured using biochemical method. The weight of the kidneys was measured, and the renal index was calculated. Hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, periodic Schiff-methenamine, and Masson staining were used to observe the pathological changes in renal tissue. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect urinary β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) levels. Western blotting and real-time fluorescence PCR were used to detect the relative protein and mRNA expression levels of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing receptor 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, gasdermin D (GSDMD), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in renal tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the proportion of protein staining area of the TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in renal tissue. Results: Compared with the control group, the random blood glucose, 24-h urinary protein, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and renal index of the model group increased, and the urine β2-MG, NGAL, and KIM-1 levels increased. The relative protein and mRNA expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 in renal tissue increased, and the proportion of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB protein positive staining areas increased (P<0.05). Pathological changes such as glomerular hypertrophy were observed in the renal tissue of the model group. Compared with the model group, the Yishen Tongluo Formula high-dose group showed a decrease in random blood glucose after 12 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). The Yishen Tongluo Formula high- and medium-dose groups showed a decrease in 24-h urinary protein, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and renal index, as well as decreased β2-MG, NGAL, and KIM-1 levels. NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1 β, and IL-18 relative protein and mRNA expression levels were also reduced, and the proportion of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB protein positive staining areas was reduced (P<0.05). Pathological damage to renal tissue was ameliorated. Conclusion Yishen Tongluo Formula may exert protective renal effects by inhibiting renal pyroptosis and alleviating tubular interstitial injury in diabetic nephropathy mice by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of Chonghe soft extract on ulcer wound healing in diabetic rats through protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian Sirolimus target protein(mTOR)-mediated nucleotides binding oligomeric acid domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome inactivation.Methods Thirty six SD rats with diabetic ulcer,which were established by feeding with high glucose and high fat diet and injecting intraperitoneally with streptozocin(STZ)combined with skin defect,were randomly divided into model group,Chonghe soft extract group and growth factor group,with twelve rats in each group.Another twelve SD rats were injected an equal dose of citric acid-sodium citrate buffer solution and used as blank group.The blank group and the model group were not received drug intervention,but the Chonghe soft extract group and the growth factor group were externally applied Chonghe soft extract and growth factor gel,respectively.The wound healing of each group was observed and recorded.After 7 days and 14 days of treatment,the histopathology of wound were observed by HE staining and the number of fibroblasts were counted.The levels of IL-1β,IL-18 and TNF-α in serum were detected by ELISA.The expression of autophagy-related protein Beclin-1 and LC3Ⅱ in granulation tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry.The expression of NLRP3,apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain(ASC),Caspase1,Pro-Caspase1 and Akt/mTOR autophagy pathway-related proteins Akt,p-Akt,mTOR and p-mTOR were detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with the blank control group,the pathological wound repair of the model group was delayed on the 7th day and 14th day,the number of fibroblasts per unit area was decreased(P<0.01).The levels of IL-1β,IL-18 and TNF-α were increased(P<0.01).The expression levels of ASC,Pro-Caspase1,Caspase1,and NLRP3 were increased in the wound tissues(P<0.01),while the expression levels of Beclin-1,LC3-Ⅱ,mTOR,p-mTOR,Akt and p-Akt were decreased in the wound tissues(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the pathological injury in Chonghe soft extract group and growth factor group was significantly improved on the 7th day and 14th day.The number of fibroblasts per unit area was significantly increased(P<0.01).The levels of IL-1β,IL-18 and TNF-α were significantly decreased(P<0.01).The expression levels of ASC,Pro-Caspase1,Caspase1,and NLRP3 in the wound tissues were decreased(P<0.01),while the expression levels of Beclin-1,LC3-Ⅱ,mTOR,p-mTOR,Akt and p-Akt were increased(P<0.01,P<0.05).Conclusion Chonghe soft extract can reduce inflammatory reaction,promote the generation of fibro,regulate the Akt/mTOR-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation,improve the level of autophagy in wound,and promote ulcer wound healing in diabetic rats.

Objective:To discuss the effect of long-term use of chlorhexidine on the resistance of Enterococcus faecalis(E.faecalis),and to clarify its mechanism.Methods:The standard strain of E.faecalis was repeatedly exposed to chlorhexidine for 10 generations,and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)was recorded at each passage.The bacteria collected from the 10th generation with increased MIC values were designated as the E.faecalis chlorhexidine-resistant strains(E.faecalis-Cs).The growth curves of two strains were drawn;the morphology of two strains were observed by transmission electron microscope;the number of biofilm formation of two strains was detected by crystal violet staining;the bacterial hydrophobicities of two strains were detected by microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons(MATH)method;the expression levels of S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase(LuxS)mRNA in the bacterial biofilms of two strains were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method.Results:From the 0th to the 10th generation,the MIC values of E.faecalis were gradually increased.The growth curves of E.faecalis and E.faecalis-Cs showed no significant differences.The transmission electron microscope observation results showed that both E.faecalis and E.faecalis-Cs appeared oval or diplococcal,with intact cell wall structures,smooth edges,and evenly distributed cytoplasm.There were no significant differences in the morphology,size,cell wall thickness,or integrity between two types of bacteria.The crystal violet staining results showed that compared with E.faecalis,the number of biofilm formation of E.faecalis-Cs was significantly increased(P<0.05).The MATH results showed tha the hydrophobicity of E.faecalis-Cs was significantly higher than that of E.faecalis(P<0.05).The RT-qPCR results showed that the expression level of LuxS mRNA in the biofilms of E.faecalis-Cs was significantly higher than that of E.faecalis(P<0.05).Conclusion:E.faecalis develops the resistance after repeated exposure to the chlorhexidine,and the pathogenicity of the resistant strain is enhanced.The high expressin of quorum sensing(QS)system LuxS gene and stronger biofilm forming ability of bacteria may be the potential mechanism for E.faecalis to tolerate the chlorhexidine.

Electroencephalography (EEG), as a convenient and non-invasive technique, is highly sensitive to brain function abnormalities and has been widely applied in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy and other neurological diseases (applied research in stroke field has a history of decades). In recent years, with the deepening of related research and rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, EEG has shown new potential in early diagnosis, disease monitoring and prognosis assessment of stroke. This review discusses the recent advance in EEG in evaluating the diagnosis, therapeutic efficacy, and prognoses of stroke in the last 5 years, so as to provide references for improving the diagnosies, treatments and prognoses of stroke patients.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella. Its typical clinical manifestations include fever, chills, fatigue, bone and muscle pain, etc. Brucellosis can affect multiple organs and tissues, of which spine is the most common affected part, forming Brucella spondylitis. Due to the clinical manifestations and imaging characteristics of infected individuals being similar to other spinal diseases, it is easy to cause misdiagnosis, missed diagnosis, and mistreatment. This article reviews the latest research progress in clinical manifestations, imaging examination, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of Brucella spondylitis both domestically and internationally, in order to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of Brucella spondylitis.

OBJECTIVE: To analysis the medication characteristics of the prescriptions issued via open channel by the National and Provincial Health Committee and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: We collected the data of traditional Chinese medicine related to treatment plans published by the National and Provincial Health Committee and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine from the start of COVID-19 outbreak to February 19, 2020. The frequency analysis, cluster analysis and association analysis were performed. RESULTS: The study collected 4 national and 34 regional prevention and treatment plans, 578 items, 84 traditional Chinese formulations, 60 Chinese patent medicines, and 230 Chinese herbs. The high frequently used herbs were , and . The commonly used traditional formulations included decoction, powder, and decoction. The Chinese patent drugs included pill, injection, and capsule. The most common paired medications were and and Two core combinations and one novel formula were discovered in the study. CONCLUSIONS powder and decoction are the basic formulations for syndrome of COVID-19. In addition, decoction, powder, decoction and decoction are the basic formulations for syndrome of COVID-19. The main medication characteristics are clearing heat, entilating lung, removing toxicity and removing turbidity. It shows that removing toxicity and eliminating evil are the prescription thought in treating epidemic disease of traditional Chinese medicine.
Betacoronavirus ; isolation & purification ; Coronavirus Infections ; therapy ; Data Mining ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; therapy

OBJECTIVE: To analysis the medication characteristics of the prescriptions issued via open channel by the National and Provincial Health Committee and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: We collected the data of traditional Chinese medicine related to treatment plans published by the National and Provincial Health Committee and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine from the start of COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan to February 19, 2020. The frequency analysis, cluster analysis and correlation analysis were performed. RESULTS: The study collected 4 national and 34 regional prevention and treatment plans, 578 items, 84 traditional Chinese formulations, 60 Chinese patent medicines, and 230 Chinese herbs. The high frequently used herbs were , , , and . The commonly used traditional formulations included Decoction, Powder, and Decoction. The Chinese patent drugs included Pill, Injection, and Capsule. The most common paired medications were and , and . Two core combinations and one novel formula were discovered in the study. CONCLUSIONS Powder and Decoction are the basic formulations for syndrome of COVID-19. In addition, Decoction, Powder, Decoction and Decoction are the basic formulations for syndrome of COVID-19. The main medication characteristics are clearing heat, entilating lung, removing toxicity and removing turbidity. It shows that removing toxicity and eliminating evil are the prescription thought in treating epidemic disease of traditional Chinese medicine.
Betacoronavirus ; Cluster Analysis ; Coronavirus Infections ; therapy ; Data Mining ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; statistics & numerical data ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; therapy

OBJECTIVE：To eva luate content constituent characteristics and antiviral activity of main flavonnoids in genuine and non-genuine Scutellaria baicalensis ，and to investigate quality-efficiency relationship and effective substance. METHODS ： Totally 8 batches of S. baicalensis from different origins （S1-S8）were collected to prepare its water extract lyophilized powder. UPLC method was used to determine the contents of baicalin ，wogonoside，baicalein and wogonin ，and calculate their content constituent ratio. According to the content constituent ratio of flavonoids in S. baicalensis from different origins ，the mixture of the above four components was prepared as the corresponding simulated sample of flavonoids （E1-E8）. Using ribavirin as positive control，MTT assay and CPE method were used to investigate half toxic concentration （TD50）of the water extract from 8 batches of S. baicalensis and their corresponding simulated samples to human laryngeal carcinoma cell Hep-2 and their half inhibition concentration（IC50）to respiratory syncytial virus （RSV）；treatment indexes （TI）were calculated. Pearson correlation analysis for the content of baicalin ，wogonoside，baicalein and wogonin with their anti-RSV activity （IC50）was performed by SPSS 17.0 software. RESULTS ：The contents of baicalin and wogonoside in sample S 4（from Hebei Chengde ）were the highest ，and the contents of baicalein and wogonin in sample S 6（from Inner Mongolia- 2）were the highest. The contents of above 4 components were the lowest in sample S 6，S6，S7（from Beijing ），S4. The contents of flavonoid glycosides in sample S 4 were relatively higher， while those of corresponding glycosides were relatively lower ；the content constituent ratio of baicalin ， wogonoside，baicalein and wogonin was 1∶0.224∶0.111∶0.013. The contents of flavonoid glycosides in sample S6 wererelatively lower ，while those of glycosides were relatively 126.com higher；the content constituent ratio of above 4 components was 1∶0.241∶0.713∶0.106. TC 50 of S. bai calensis water extracts from different origins to Hep- 2 cells was all higher than 50 μg/mL， IC50 to RSV was 11.11-51.74 μg/mL；TI was 1.86-5.20. TC 50 of corresponding simulated samples of flavonoids was 23.11-52.23 μg/mL，while IC 50 to RSV was 4.87-14.61 μg/mL；TI was 1.85-4.75. The anti-RSV effects of water extract of S 4 from genuine origins（Hebei Chengde ）and its corresponding simulated sample E 4 were the strongest. Correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficient between the contents of 4 flavonoids and antiviral activity was less than 0.5，and there was no significant correlation between them. CONCLUSIONS ：When the content constituent ratio of 4 main flavonoids in S. baicalensis was 1∶0.224∶ 0.111 ∶ 0.013，it has a strong inhibition effect on RSV. S. baicalensis from genuine origins has better constituent characteristics of flavonoids，which may be the important material basis for the best antiviral effect of genuine medicinal material.

Objective To investigate the compliableness and cardiac rehabilitation effect of application of the Android‐based cardiac rehabilitation risk assessment simulative software in the patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) .Methods A total of 150 discharge patients with CHD treated in the cardiology department of multiple hospitals in Guangzhou City from December 2014 to December 2015 were selected as the research subjects and divided into the observation group for applying the Android‐based car‐diac rehabilitation risk assessment software and control group according to the random number table ,75 cases in each group .The compliableness and cardiac rehabilitation effect after this software out‐of‐hospital application in the CHD patients were observed . Results Among 150 cases ,141 cases continued to follow up ,the follow up rate was 94 .0% ,including 72 cases in the observation group and 69 cases in the control group ,the re‐hospitalization rate and the standard‐reaching rate of blood pressure ,blood glucose and blood lipid in the observation group were superior to those in the control group with statistical difference (P<0 .05);the com‐pliableness of behaviors following doctor′s advice and comprehensive evaluation of living quality in the observation group were su‐perior to those in the control group ,and the differences were statistically significant (P<0 .05) .Conclusion The application of the Android‐based cardiac rehabilitation risk assessment software is an effective measure for out‐of‐hospital cardiac rehabilitation , which can increase the compliableness of cardiac rehabilitation in the CHD patients .