Gastric ulcer is a common digestive system disease,and the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)is the second most important cause.NSAID-induced gastric ulcer animal models are key experimental tools for studying the pathogenesis,corresponding treatment method,and effective mechanisms of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury.However,there are currently a lack of reviews on NSAID-induced gastric ulcer animal models.This review summarizes and compares the relevant literature on animal research into indomethacin-and aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in the past 10 years,including the selection of experimental animals,drug solvents,and specific modeling method.The limitations of current models,such as the cumbersome modeling method,incomplete modeling details,inadequate models for clinical use,and lack of comparative drug research,are discussed.Feasible solutions are proposed with the aim of providing an effective reference for research in this field.

Nosocomial infection poses a significant threat to patient safety and increase their disease burden. Outbreaks of nosocomial infection are the main harmfulness associated with nosocomial infection, which making them socially sensitive issues. Nosocomial infection surveillance and warning are core contents of nosocomial infection management. Accurate early warning technology for nosocomial infection outbreaks can reflect the management capability of infection prevention and control. This study designed an early warning system based on a multi-dimensional and multi-scale comprehensive information surveillance mode for nosocomial infection outbreaks which was launched in March 2023. This system extracted the process-related indicators of nosocomial infection from various hospital information systems into the nosocomial infection database center. Under the multi-dimensional and multi-scale surveillance mode, the process-related data were stratified according to the predefined dimensions and scales, then generating time-series datasets of numerous subgroups. The system conducted weekly for all time-series datasets of subgroups based on warning rules, and subsequently sent out warning signals to managers. These warning signals could be verified by managers through data check, case verification and epidemiological investigation. Once a nosocomial infection outbreak was confirmed, intervention measures could be implemented promptly. In practical application, the system generated warning signals for nosocomial infection clusters in 12 departments on August 7th, 2023. The traditional nosocomial infection case report system ultimately reported 54 nosocomial infection cases, which distributed across 13 departments, with clusters(more than 3 cases) observed in 6 departments. All these 6 departments received warning signals generated from our system. It has been demonstrated that our system could predicted the nosocomial infection clusters 5.3 days earlier than the traditional nosocomial infection case report system on average, with warning sensitivity of 100.0% and positive predictive value of 50.0%. Early warning under the multi-dimensional and multi-scale comprehensive information surveillance mode was able to transform the work pattern of nosocomial infection outbreaks control and management from passive to active. Particularly it has advantages in early detection for occult outbreaks, providing a valuable support for improving nosocomial infection management capability.

ObjectiveTo summarize the modeling methods, test indicators, and evaluation methods of the animal models of urticaria and provide a basis for the subsequent research on urticaria models. MethodWith the keywords of "urticaria" and "animal model" and the time interval from inception to July 13, 2022, relevant articles were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, CBM, Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed. Two evaluators independently screened the articles and extracted the publishing time, sources, animal conditions, modeling methods, modeling time, and test indicators from the articles meeting the inclusion criteria to establish a data library for quantitative statistics and analysis. ResultA total of 116 articles were included, involving 129 animal experiments (102 in Chinese and 27 in English) of urticaria. In the last three years, the studies about the animal models of urticaria presented an obvious upward trend, and the articles were dominated by dissertations. KM mice and SD rats of both females and males were mainly used for the modeling of urticaria, and the models were mainly established by passive sensitization of skin for 14-16 days. The models were mainly evaluated based on apparent indicators such as blue-stained lesion area and ear swelling, supplemented by the pathological indicators of the skin and serum. ConclusionAlthough the experimental studies of urticaria are increasing, the modeling methods lack unified modeling standards and have low coincidence with clinical symptoms. Therefore, this paper analyzed the modeling elements and evaluation criteria of urticaria animal models, and proposed that both male and female KM mice (6-8 weeks old) or SD rats (8-10 weeks old) of SPF grade should be preferentially selected for modeling. Active and passive sensitization can be combined for the modeling, and the specific modeling elements such as modeling time and sensitization times need to be further explored. The model evaluation should include four aspects of behavior, appearance, pathology, and immunity.

Chronic Urticaria(CU)is a common skin disease involving autoimmunity and allergies,which brings a heavy burden to patients and society.The theory of traditional Chinese medicine"the Lung is combined with the Large Intestine,and the symptoms of large intestine can be reflected from the skin"has long shown that there is a close physiological and pathological relationship between the function of the Large Intestine and the skin.With the modern advancement of the"gut-skin axis"theory,the correlation between gut microbiome and CU has gradually become an emerging focus of research.Adjusting the imbalance of gut microbiome would be a new trend in the clinical treatment of CU.Acupuncture has a beneficial effect of regulating the gut microbiome,and the definite curative effect on CU.Therefore,this article summarized the research progress between the gut microbiome and CU in recent years,in order to discuss the feasibility of acupuncture to treat CU by regulating the gut microbiome,and provide a new idea for the mechanism research of acupuncture in the treatment of CU from the perspective of"treating skin from intestine".

Objective:To critically evaluate and summarize the methodological quality of systematic reviews(SRs)and present objective and important outcomes on the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)therapies,including Chinese herbal medicine(CHM),acupuncture,and moxibustion,for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome(IBS-D).Methods:We conducted a comprehensive literature search for SRs in 7 databases until April 16,2022.Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the reviews according to the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2(AMSTAR-2),the Risk of Bias in Systematic reviews(ROBIS)tool,and the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis(PRISMA)statement.The Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE)was used to rate the quality of evidence.Results:IBS-D patients included in 12 reviews were diagnosed in accordance with the Rome criteria,9 reviews focused on CHM,2 articles observed moxibustion and heat-sensitive moxibustion,1 article studied acupuncture and CHM.The outcomes of the SRs were the effectiveness rate,the total effectiveness rate,global symptom improvement,and adverse effects.Based on AMSTAR-2,which measures the quality of methodology,all of the included studies were of low or critically low quality.According to the ROBIS tool,10 SRs(83.33％)had a high risk of bias.With the PRISMA checklist,only 3 SRs reached over 90％compliance.Based on GRADE,most evidence was of low quality,and there was a moderate quality of evidence that the effectiveness rate of modified-Tongxie Yaofang was superior to Western medicine in the treatment of IBS-D.Conclusion:Given the suboptimal reporting and methodological quality of existing SRs,more studies are needed to clarify whether TCM therapies are more effective or safe than pharmacological medicine.Future studies should combine evidence-based medicine with TCM research according to the charac-teristics of TCM.

Objective To investigate the serum anti-HBc level in patients with different natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and cirrhosis,and its clinical value for distinguishing the natural history statue.Methods A total of 160 patients with chronic HBV infection from March 2015 to June 2016 were enrolled,and they were divided into immune tolerance group (n=43),HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) group (n=37),inactive carrier group (n=39) and HBeAg-negative CHB group (n=41).A total of 44 patients with HBeAg-positive cirrhosis and 46 patients with HBeAg-negative cirrhosis were enrolled too.The general conditions data were collected,and HBsAg,HBeAg,anti-HBc,HBV DNA load and HBV genotype were detected.The associations between anti-HBc level and clinical parameters were analyzed,and the diagnostic value of anti-HBc for distinguishing different natural histories was analyzed.Results The anti-HBc levels in different natural history from high to low were as following: HBeAg-positive CHB group (4.22±0.68)log10 IU/mL,HBeAg-negative CHB group (3.89±0.88)log10 IU/mL,inactive carrier group (3.07±0.68)log10 IU/mL and immune tolerance group (2.88±0.82)log10 IU/mL.The anti-HBc levels in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative cirrhosis patients were (3.04±0.82) and (3.15±0.86) log10 IU/mL,respectively.In HBeAg-positive CHB group,the anti-HBc was positively associated with ALT (r=0.353,P=0.032) and AST (r=0.421,P=0.009).In HBeAg-negative CHB group,the anti-HBc was positively associated with HBV DNA (r=0.343,P=0.028),ALT (r=0.458,P=0.003) and AST (r=0.495,P=0.001).The AUC of anti-HBc used to distinguish immune tolerance from HBeAg-positive CHB was 0.903,and the AUC used to distinguish inactive carrier from HBeAg-negative CHB was 0.833.Conclusion Anti-HBc levels in different natural history of chronic HBV infection are significantly different,and anti-HBc could be used to distinguish the natural history statue of chronic HBV infection with a higher diagnostic value than HBsAg.

The liver is the central organ involved in lipid metabolism. Dyslipidemia and its related disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity and other metabolic diseases, are of increasing public health concern due to their increasing prevalence in the population. Besides their well-characterized functions in cholesterol homoeostasis and nutrient absorption, bile acids are also important metabolic regulators and function as signaling hormones by activating specific nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, and multiple signaling pathways. Recent studies identified a new signaling pathway by which conjugated bile acids (CBA) activate the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2). CBA-induced activation of S1PR2 is a key regulator of sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) and hepatic gene expression. This review focuses on recent findings related to the role of bile acids/S1PR2-mediated signaling pathways in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism.

Objective To measure the sizes of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) by echocardiography,compare the results with those by X-ray angiography(XA),to analysis the correlation of measurements between echocardiography and XA,to explore the value of echocardiography on screening the size of PDA suitable for transcatheter occlusion.Methods One hundred and forty-one participants was included.The parameters of PDA including the length of PDA(PDAL),the aortic side diameter (PDADao) and the pulmonary side diameter of PDA(PDADpa) were measured from the parasternal great artery short-axis view (PSSA) and the suprasternal descending aorta long-axis view(SSLA) of echocardiography and left lateral projection of XA,and the other parameters such as the left ventriclular end-diastolic diameter index (LVEDDI),the main pulmonary artery diameter index(MPADI),the pressure drop of PDA shunt (△P) and the pulmonary artery systolic pressure index(PASPI) were measured by echocardiography.The sizes of PDA from PSSA,SSLA and XA were compared,and the correlations of the sizes of PDA between echocardiography and XA,the correlations between the other parameters by echocardiography and the PDADpa index(PDADIpa) by XA(PDADIpa-XA) and PSSA(PDADIpa-PSSA) were analyzed.Results ①The difference of the sizes of PDA:Between PSSA and SSLA had difference on mersurement of PDA(all P ＜ 0.05),except SSLA had no difference on measurement of PDADao with XA (P ＞0.05),others echocardiography parameters all had difference on measurement of PDA with XA (all P ＜ 0.05).②Correlation:Both PSSA and SSLA had positive correlations with XA (all P ＜0.01).And among these parameters,PDAL by SSLA,PDADao by SSLA and PDADpa by PSSA had better correlations with XA (r =0.92,0.87 and 0.91,respectively,all P ＜0.01).LVEDDI,MPADI and PASPI had positive correlations with PDADIpa (all P ＜0.01),the LVEDDI and MPADI had better correlations with PDADIpa-PSSA(r =0.76,0.72,all P ＜0.01),but the PASPI had a better correlation with PDADIpa-XA(r =0.70,P ＜0.01).PASP had a negative correlation with △P (r =-0.79,P ＜0.01).Conclusions There was difference between the sizes of PDA at different echocardiographic views,PDADpa by PSSA and the PDAL and the PDADao by the SSLA were more close to those parameters by XA.Multiplane views of echocardiography can evaluate all the more accurately the size of PDA and play an important role in guiding transcatheter occlusion of PDA.

OBJECTIVETo analyze absentees due to injury among primary school pupils in Hubei, 2012-2013; and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of injuries.

METHODSA total of 32 primary schools in Qianjiang city and Shayang county were sampled to conduct injury absenteeism surveillance, and the total number of students was 21 493. The surveillance contents included absent dates, genders, grades, initial or return absent, and the detailed absent reasons. The classification of injury was based on the 10th Revision of the international classification of diseases developed by WHO. Data from 2012-2013 school-year were extracted from the surveillance system for analysis. The total surveillance period was 182 days, of which the fall semester was 98 days and the spring semester was 84 days. The absenteeism rate and injury rate in different characteristics of primary school students were compared by χ² test, and the possible risk factors of injury were preliminary explored by calculating the RR (95% CI) value.

RESULTSThe total daily injury absenteeism rate was 8.26/100 100 during 2012-2013 school-year in 32 primary schools in Hubei province, which was higher in fall semester (9.16/100 000), Qianjiang area (9.63/100 000), rural primary schools (13.44/100 000), boys (9.57/100 000), 1-2 grades (10.41/100 000), and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). The total injury rate was 0.46%. Rural primary schools (RR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.46-3.70), boys (RR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.23-2.87), and 3-4 grades (RR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.10-3.09) were identified as high-risk factors, while using city primary schools, girls, and 5-6 grades as references, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe injury absenteeism rate and injury rate were more higher in rural primary schools, boys and low or middle grades in Hubei province during 2012 to 2013 school year, so monitoring and preventive measures should be focused on those students.

Absenteeism ; Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Schools ; Sex Factors ; Students ; Wounds and Injuries

To investigate the cell-killing effect and its possible mechanism of rClone30-hDR5 in combination with TRAIL on human hepatic carcinoma (HCC) cell line, first of all, recombinant plasmid pee12.4-hDR5 was introduced into HepG2 cells by liposome transfection. After five rounds of screening by flow cytometry, HepG2 cells expressing high levels of DR5 on cell surface were isolated. The cytotoxicity of TRAIL to selected cells was higher than that of TRAIL to HepG2 cells by MTT method (P < 0.01). The result suggested that the cloned hDR5 gene had biological activity. MTT assay showed that, rClone30- hDR5 in combination with TRAIL more efficiently inhibited the tumor growth of HepG2 cells compared to rClone30-hDR5 or TRAIL in vitro. The results of Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and Quantitative Real-time PCR indicated that rClone30-hDR5 in combination with TRAIL significantly increased the mRNA levels of caspase 3 and caspase 8, and induced the apoptosis of tumor cells. HepG2 cells were infected with rClone30-hDR5 or rClone30 at MOI of 1. The expression of hDR5 on tumor surface increased significantly by rClone30-hDR5 compared to that by rClone30, which contributed to the sensitivity to TRAIL. In conclusion, rClone30-hDR5 in combination with TRAIL has potential application value in cancer treatment.