[Objective]To explore the intervention effect of β-sitosterol,an effective monomer component of Eucommia ulmoides,on postmenopausal osteoporosis in mice and its potential mechanism.[Methods]Twenty-four female C57BL/6J mice of 12 weeks old were randomly divided into sham operation group,model group and β-sitosterol intervention group,with 8 mice in each group.The model of postmenopausal osteoporosis was established by bilateral ovariectomy.Mice in sham group and model group were given 0.9％sodium chloride solution and β-sitosterol intervention group was given β-sitosterol.Eight weeks after operation,all the mice were sacrificed and samples were collected.Micro-computed tomography(Micro-CT)was used to observe the protective effect of the β-sitosterol intervention on postmenopausal bone loss and trabecular bone breakage.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to analyze the bone histomorphology of the distal femur.The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)staining and the alkaline phosphatase(ALP)staining were used to evaluate bone resorption and bone formation respectively.Then the expression level of β-catenin in each group was detected by immunohistochemistry.[Results]Micro-CT scanning showed that β-sitosterol could reduce bone loss and bone microstructure destruction in postmenopausal mice.HE staining also confirmed that β-sitosterol could effectively maintain the number and morphology of trabecular bone and inhibit abnormal fat accumulation caused by estrogen deficiency.TRAP staining also showed that β-sitosterol treatment did not affect osteoclast formation,while immunohistochemical results showed that β-sitosterol could significantly promote the expression of osteogenic marker ALP.Moreover,β-sitosterol can increase the expression of β-catenin in the distal femur to promote bone formation.[Conclusion]β-sitosterol treatment could enhance osteogenic differentiation and promote bone formation to relieve postmenopausal osteoporosis by upregulating β-catenin expression in vivo.

OBJECTIVETo analyze absentees due to injury among primary school pupils in Hubei, 2012-2013; and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of injuries.

METHODSA total of 32 primary schools in Qianjiang city and Shayang county were sampled to conduct injury absenteeism surveillance, and the total number of students was 21 493. The surveillance contents included absent dates, genders, grades, initial or return absent, and the detailed absent reasons. The classification of injury was based on the 10th Revision of the international classification of diseases developed by WHO. Data from 2012-2013 school-year were extracted from the surveillance system for analysis. The total surveillance period was 182 days, of which the fall semester was 98 days and the spring semester was 84 days. The absenteeism rate and injury rate in different characteristics of primary school students were compared by χ² test, and the possible risk factors of injury were preliminary explored by calculating the RR (95% CI) value.

RESULTSThe total daily injury absenteeism rate was 8.26/100 100 during 2012-2013 school-year in 32 primary schools in Hubei province, which was higher in fall semester (9.16/100 000), Qianjiang area (9.63/100 000), rural primary schools (13.44/100 000), boys (9.57/100 000), 1-2 grades (10.41/100 000), and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). The total injury rate was 0.46%. Rural primary schools (RR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.46-3.70), boys (RR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.23-2.87), and 3-4 grades (RR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.10-3.09) were identified as high-risk factors, while using city primary schools, girls, and 5-6 grades as references, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe injury absenteeism rate and injury rate were more higher in rural primary schools, boys and low or middle grades in Hubei province during 2012 to 2013 school year, so monitoring and preventive measures should be focused on those students.

Absenteeism ; Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Schools ; Sex Factors ; Students ; Wounds and Injuries

Objective To analyze absentees due to injury among primary school pupils in Hubei , 2012-2013;and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of injuries.Methods A total of 32 primary schools in Qianjiang city and Shayang county were sampled to conduct injury absenteeism surveillance , and the total number of students was 21 493.The surveillance contents included absent dates , genders, grades, initial or return absent , and the detailed absent reasons.The classification of injury was based on the 10th Revision of the international classification of diseases developed by WHO.Data from 2012-2013 school-year were extracted from the surveillance system for analysis.The total surveillance period was 182 days, of which the fall semester was 98 days and the spring semester was 84 days.The absenteeism rate and injury rate in different characteristics of primary school students were compared by χ2 test, and the possible risk factors of injury were preliminary explored by calculating the RR ( 95%CI ) value.Results The total daily injury absenteeism rate was 8.26/100 100 during 2012-2013 school-year in 32 primary schools in Hubei province , which was higher in fall semester ( 9.16/100 000 ) , Qianjiang area ( 9.63/100 000), rural primary schools (13.44/100 000), boys (9.57/100 000), 1-2 grades (10.41/100 000), and the differences were significant ( P<0.05 ).The total injury rate was 0.46%.Rural primary schools (RR=2.32, 95%CI:1.46-3.70), boys (RR=1.88, 95%CI:1.23-2.87), and 3-4 grades (RR=1.85, 95%CI:1.10-3.09) were identified as high-risk factors, while using city primary schools , girls, and 5-6 grades as references , respectively.Conclusion The injury absenteeism rate and injury rate were more higher in rural primary schools , boys and low or middle grades in Hubei province during 2012 to 2013 school year, so monitoring and preventive measures should be focused on those students .

Objective To analyze absentees due to injury among primary school pupils in Hubei , 2012-2013;and to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of injuries.Methods A total of 32 primary schools in Qianjiang city and Shayang county were sampled to conduct injury absenteeism surveillance , and the total number of students was 21 493.The surveillance contents included absent dates , genders, grades, initial or return absent , and the detailed absent reasons.The classification of injury was based on the 10th Revision of the international classification of diseases developed by WHO.Data from 2012-2013 school-year were extracted from the surveillance system for analysis.The total surveillance period was 182 days, of which the fall semester was 98 days and the spring semester was 84 days.The absenteeism rate and injury rate in different characteristics of primary school students were compared by χ2 test, and the possible risk factors of injury were preliminary explored by calculating the RR ( 95%CI ) value.Results The total daily injury absenteeism rate was 8.26/100 100 during 2012-2013 school-year in 32 primary schools in Hubei province , which was higher in fall semester ( 9.16/100 000 ) , Qianjiang area ( 9.63/100 000), rural primary schools (13.44/100 000), boys (9.57/100 000), 1-2 grades (10.41/100 000), and the differences were significant ( P<0.05 ).The total injury rate was 0.46%.Rural primary schools (RR=2.32, 95%CI:1.46-3.70), boys (RR=1.88, 95%CI:1.23-2.87), and 3-4 grades (RR=1.85, 95%CI:1.10-3.09) were identified as high-risk factors, while using city primary schools , girls, and 5-6 grades as references , respectively.Conclusion The injury absenteeism rate and injury rate were more higher in rural primary schools , boys and low or middle grades in Hubei province during 2012 to 2013 school year, so monitoring and preventive measures should be focused on those students .