Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is a rare genetic disorder of lipid metabolism, traditional lipid-lowering therapies such as statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have little efficacy in these patients. Evinacumab can reduce the levels of LDL-C effectively. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in Evinacumab, and review the phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials results, adverse events, and the clinical trials results in progress of Evinacumab. Finally, we discuss the current status of Evinacumab in the clinical works.

Because of high rate of nonadherence to statins, the subcutaneously injection of Inclisiran therapy intervals are from 3 months to 6 months, which will increase the patients' adherence to the Inclisiran therapy. In this review, we summarize the latest advances of Inclisiran, and review the phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials results, adverse events, and the clinical trials results in progress of Inclisiran. Finally, we discuss the current status of Inclisiran in the clinical works.

Inability to tolerate statins because of muscle symptoms contributes to uncontrolled cholesterol levels and insufficient cardiovascular risk reduction. Bempedoic acid, an enzyme with high expression in the liver but that is undetectable in the skeletal muscle. Lack of the activating enzyme in skeletal muscle may prevent the muscular adverse effects associated with statins. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in bempedoic acid, and review the phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials results, adverse events, and the clinical trials results in progress of Bempedoic acid. Finally, we discuss the current status of bempedoic acid in the clinical works.

Heart failure is the terminal stage of all kinds of heart diseases. Despite the use of a variety of traditional drug standard treatment, the prognosis is still not ideal, and there is an urgent need for the update and improvement of new drugs and treatment methods. In recent years, angiotensin receptor-enkephalase inhibitors (Sacubitril/Valsartan), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), soluble guanoside cyclase agonists (Vericiguat) and myocardial myosin activators omecamtiv mecarbil have been developed successively. SGLT2 inhibitors can improve ventricular load, reduce fibrosis and affect myocardial metabolism. sGC agonists play an anti-heart failure role by enhancing l-ARg-No-SGC-CGMP signaling pathway, improving myocardial and vascular function, reversing ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis, slowing ventricular remodeling, and reducing ventricular afterload through systemic and pulmonary vasodilation. In addition, fineridone, a novel salt corticosteroid receptor antagonist, has also been reported in clinical studies in the field of heart failure. Therefore, it is the direction and hope for the development of heart failure in the future to select appropriate drugs for different types of patients with heart failure and carry out individualized treatment according to the optimized process of heart failure.

Cardiomyopathy is a disease with abnormal myocardial structure and function. For a long time, due to the limited understanding of cardiomyopathies, cardiomyopathies are treated empirically based on symptoms (such as heart failure, arrhythmia, etc.). Over years, with the improvement of diagnosis technology and the discover of disease mechanism, a variety of drugs have been approved, such as tafamidis, patisiran and Inotersen. Many more drugs have completed preliminary safety and efficacy verification and entered Phase III trials. In addition, some cutting-edge technologies are also being developed, such as siRNA drug patisiran, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology drug NTLA-2001, stem cell therapy, etc. This article discusses two cardiac problems that may be caused by cardiomyopathy: myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac remodeling, and introduces the pharmacology and related research of the latest drugs for these diseases.

β2 microglobulin (β2-MG) is a key component I molecule of the major histocompatibility complex class that assists in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response. Serum β2-MG content is dynamically correlated with many diseases. Most studies on β2-MG mainly focus on the pathogenesis of kidney disease, tumor and amyloid fibrils. In recent years, some studies have found that β2-MG is also involved in the adverse prognosis of cardiovascular system, cognitive impairment of aging and antibacterial effects. This paper summarized the domestic and foreign studies on β2-MG in recent years, and proposed the possible role of β2-MG in multi-system human body and its potential application prospect of drug molecular targeting.

Angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) is a novel combination drug that is a dual inhibitor of angiotensin receptor and neprilysin. In June 2021, the National Medical Products Administration approved ARNI for hypertension indications. This review provides an update of current literature on ARNI in elderly hypertension.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is described as the existence of abnormal myocardial structure and function caused by diabetes, which is considered to be an underlying cause of increased heart failure in diabetic patients. The pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy are complex and the detailed molecular networks remain obscure. Mitochondrial oxidative stress is the main pathogenic factor of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and it is one of the important factors that affect the heart function of diabetes. This review aims to discuss the recent advances of the mechanisms of mitochondrial oxidative stress in diabetic cardiomyopathy, to provide new thoughts for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of echocardiography-guided closed-chest repeated intraventricular blood sampling in mice, and to clarify the maximum blood volume that can be collected by this method, and whether the method can be used for long-term repeated blood collection in mice. Methods: Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice (10-14 weeks old) were divided into the terminal experiment group (n=4, for investigating the maximum blood amount that could be sampled at one time), the repeated 0.5 ml blood collection group (n=10, sampling 0.5 ml whole blood each time, once every two days for consecutive 4 weeks), and the repeated 0.75 ml blood collection group (n=10, sampling 0.75 ml whole blood each time, once every two days for consecutive 4 weeks). High-frequency echocardiography was used to display the largest section of the left ventricle, guiding the insulin syringe needle through the thorax into the left ventricle for blood collection. In the repeated 0.5 ml blood collection group, echocardiography was used to detect the cardiac structure and function before blood collection, three minutes after blood collection, and one week after the last (the 14th) blood collection. Results: We successfully performed echocardiography-guided closed-chest intraventricular blood sampling, with an average operating time (88±19)s per mouse, and a maximum blood volume (1.43±0.11)ml per mouse. In the repeated 0.5 ml blood collection group, heart rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and left ventricular posterior wall end-diastolic thickness remained uncganged before the first blood collection and after 4 weeks of repeated blood collection (all P>0.05). No death in the repeated 0.5 ml blood collection group. However, in the 0.75 ml blood collection group, two mice died before the end point. Conclusions The echocardiography-guided closed-chest intraventricular blood sampling is a safe, minimally invasive, convenient and efficient method, and can be used repeatedly for long-term blood collection in mice.

Qili-Qiangxin capsules have been wildly used for the cardiovascular diseases. Qili-Qiangxin capsules have good effect on the myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, diastolic heart failure and HFPEF patients. Patients' cardiac function and quality of life can be improved after treatment. In the basic researches, we concluded the mechanisms of Qili-Qiangxin capsules'effect on the heart failure that Qili-Qiangxin capsules could effectively restrain the cardiac remodeling, improve cardiac function.Although the Qili-Qiangxin capsules were wild used in the clinic, its precise molecular mechanisms for cardiovascular diseases remained unknown.