Neuropathic pain(NP)is caused by leision or disease of the somatic sensory nervous system,and its pathological mechanism is complex,mainly related to abnormal neural structure and function.It is hard for existing treatment methods to obtain satisfactory results.With the deepening of the study of peroxisome proliferate activation receptor-γ(PPAR-γ),its role in neuroinflammation,oxidative stress,ion channels,mitochondrial function,neuroprotection and other aspects have been discovered succes-sively,PPAR-γ may be one new target for pain prevention and treatment.This paper reviews the role of PPAR-γ in NP and related mechanisms,in order to provide new thinking for the clinical treatment of NP.

Objective To explore the anti-depression mechanism of Kai-Xin-San(KXS)via regulation of neurogenesis in hippocampus of depression-like mice.Methods The extracts of KXS were prepared and the anti-depression effects of KXS were evaluated by behavioral tests on chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)induced depression-like mice.Evaluating depression-like behavior in CUMS mice through sucrose preference test,forced swimming test,tail suspension test,and other methods.Neurogenesis in hippocampus were determined by immunofluorescence assay.In addition,effects of KXS on regulating nestin expression and Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway were explored by western blotting analysis.Amounts of cortisol,corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF),adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and nerve growth factor(NGF)were determined by ELISA tests.Mouse primary neural stem cells(NSC)was used to evaluate the effect of KXS on promoting its proliferation by immunofluorescence assay.In addition,effects of KXS on regulating nestin and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were also explored by Western blotting analysis.Results KXS significantly ameliorated the depression-like behaviors in presence of increased sucrose preference rate and decreased immobile time of tail suspension and forced swimming.KXS significantly promoted the neurogenesis in the hippocampus and expressions of nestin,reduced the expressions of cortisol,CRF,ACTH,increased the expressions of BDNF,NGF,and regulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.KXS also promoted the proliferation of NSCs and expressions of nestin,enhanced the translocation of b-catenin into nucleus,and regulated the expressions of proteins of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.Conclusion KXS promoted neurogenesis in hippocampus and regulated Wnt/β-catenin pathway,which might contribute to its antidepressant effect.

Objective Evaluation of the effect and mechanism research of Qi-Shen-Yi-Zhi formula on improving learning and memory ability in mice injected with Aβ1-42 in hippocampus.Methods Alzheimer's disease model mice were constructed by injecting β amyloid peptide 1-42 into hippocampus and treated with water extracts of Qi-Shen-Yi-Zhi formula.The cognitive abilities of mice were assessed using Morris water maze and Y maze tests,which measure learning and memory capabilities.HE staining was used to observe the damage and TUNEL method was used to determine apoptosis of hippocampus.Detection of the expression of oxidative factors,inflammatory factors,and related antioxidant proteins and apoptotic proteins in the hippocampal tissue of a mouse model of dementia.Results Both high-dose and low-dose groups of Qi-Shen-Yi-Zhi formula significantly improved cognitive dysfunction in mice injected with Aβ1-42 in hippocampus,and attenuated the damage and apoptosis of the hippocampus.It also inhibited oxidative stress and downregulated the expressions of inflammatory factors IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-a,increased the expression of antioxidant proteins Nrf2 and HO-1,and regulated the expressions of apoptotic proteins Caspase-9,Caspase-3,Bax and Bcl-2.Conclusion Qi-Shen-Yi-Zhi formula improves the learning and memory abilities of mice injected with Aβ1-42 in hippocampus,which might be related to the attenuation of oxidative stress and neuronal inflammation of hippocampus.

BACKGROUND:Recent studies have shown that connective tissue growth factor not only participates in the development of neurons,but also participates in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases,depression,epilepsy,etc.It can also be used as a therapeutic target to develop related drugs,thereby improving the patients'quality of life. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the biological functions of connective tissue growth factor and the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases and depression,as well as the progress in intervention with connective tissue growth factor and related emerging treatments. METHODS:The first author searched relevant articles published from January 1996 to December 2022 in PubMed and Web of Science.The key words were"connective tissue growth factor,nervous system,depression,Alzheimer disease,epilepsy,Parkinson disease,epilepsy,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,FG-3019"in English.After reading,screening and sorting,the articles consistent with the content of the review were collected.Finally,51 articles were selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Connective tissue growth factor participates in multiple biological activities such as fibrosis,cell adhesion,and cell development under different conditions through four different structural domains.Connective tissue growth factor is up-regulated in lesion sites of neurodegenerative diseases,depression and epilepsy.After interfering with the expression of connective tissue growth factor,the symptoms improve or disappear,suggesting that connective tissue growth factor plays an important role in the progression of these diseases.The development of novel therapeutic strategies and intervention targets around connective tissue growth factor is very promising therapeutic research.More research is needed to identify the mechanism of action to transfer from basic medical studies to clinical studies and to achieve safer and more effective treatments.

Aortic stenosis is a valve disease characterized by dynamic and continuous changes in structure and function of left ventricle.Left ventricular remodeling,which embodies pathological changes in myocardial cellular and ventricular geometry,is an important prognostic factor of patients with aortic stenosis.Aortic valve replacement is the only effective treatment for severe aortic stenosis.Current guideline recommendations for interventions are based on symptoms and left ventricular ejection fraction.With the improvements of modern imaging technology,different patterns of remodeling,including hypertrophy and fibrosis,could be identified now.Studies also explored the close association between left ventricular remodeling and function in the setting of aortic stenosis.In this review,we aim to elucidate the characteristic imaging features and potential mechanisms of left ventricular remodeling,and further,we highlight the clinical value of specific imaging features and clinical application of modern imaging methods in the evaluation,risk stratification,and intervention decision-making for patients with aortic stenosis.

Objective To systematically evaluate and sequentially analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of Baogong Zhixue Granules for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulation disorder.Methods The randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of Baogong Zhixue Granules for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulation disorder were retrieved from the databases of CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP,China Biology Medicine,PubMed,Embase,and Cochrane Library from the establishment of the databases to January 5th,2023.Literature screening and data extraction were conducted according to Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions,and Meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.4.Results Totally 15 articles were included,involving 1 425 patients.Meta-analysis results showed that Baogong Zhixue Granules could effectively improve the clinical efficacy of abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulatory disorder(RR=1.17,95%CI[1.13,1.23],P<0.000 01),shorten hemostasis time[bleeding control time(MD=-6.35,95%CI[-8.89,-3.81],P<0.000 01),complete hemostasis time(MD=-12.56,95%CI[-16.22,-8.89],P<0.000 01)],reduce endometrial thickness(MD=-1.26,95%CI[-1.71,-0.80],P<0.000 01),reduce hemoglobin loss(MD=13.35,95%CI[11.41,15.29],P<0.000 01),improve the score of uterine bleeding(MD=-2.22,95%CI[-2.43,-2.01],P<0.000 01),and reduce the recurrence of disease(RR=0.37,95%CI[0.19,0.72],P=0.004).There was no statistical significance between the test group and the control group in terms of adverse reactions(P=0.82).The trial sequential analysis of the total efficiency was carried out,and the cumulative included research passed the traditional threshold and trail sequential analysis threshold.Conclusion Baogong Zhixue Granules have a certain clinical efficacy in the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulation disorder,but there may be publication bias in the study,and higher quality clinical RCTs need to be carried out.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of Qishen Yizhi formula on improving learning and memory ability in D-galactose subcutaneous injection induced subacute aging mice.METHODS Subacute aging mice model mice were developed by D-galactose subcutaneous injection and then treated with positive drug donepezil(2 mg·kg-1·d-1)and Qishen Yizhi formula water extracts in low(1.33 g·kg-1·d-1)and high dose group(2.67 g·kg-1·d-1).The learning and memory abilities of mice were evaluated using Morris water maze and Y maze tests;HE staining was used to examine hippocampal damage in model mice;TUNEL was used to detect apoptosis of mouse hippocampal tissue;ELISA was used to detect the expression levels of oxidative stress factors and inflammatory fac-tors in the mouse hippocampus tissue;Western blot was used to detect the expression of signaling pathway proteins related to apoptosis,oxidative stress and inflammatory stress in the hippocampus of mice.RESULTS The water extract of Qishen Yizhi formula signifi-cantly shortened the latency and distance of model mice for reaching the platform in the water maze test(P<0.01),and significantly increased the number of crossing the platform(P<0.01);increased the exploration time and number of the Y maze new arm in model mice(P<0.05);inhibited the TUNEL fluorescence expression in the hippocampus of model mice(P<0.01);upregulated the activity of the oxidative stress factor superoxide dismutase(SOD)(P<0.05)and glutathione(GSH)content(P<0.05),and downregulated malondialdehyde(MDA)content(P<0.05);reduced interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)expression levels(P<0.05,P<0.01);decreased the expression of apoptosis signaling pathway proteins Cleaved Caspase-3 and Caspase-3(P<0.05),upregulated the expression of oxidative stress signaling pathway proteins Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.05),and downregulated the expression of inflammatory stress signaling pathway proteins p-NF-κB and NF-κB(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Qishen Yizhi for-mula can improve the learning and memory ability of subacute aging model mice injected with D-galactose,which may be related to its inhibitory effect on hippocampal oxidative stress and inflammatory stress.

Objective: To investigate the health literacy and its influencing factors among residents in areas out of poverty in Kunming City, so as to provide insights into formulating health education strategies. Methods: A total of 1 916 permanent residents at ages of 15 to 69 years were sampled in three areas out of poverty in Kunming City using the multi-stage stratified random sampling method and probability proportionate to size sampling method from August to October, 2020. Health literacy was investigated using the Questionnaire on the Health Literacy among Chinese Residents, the level of health literacy was analyzed and weighted by the population of the China's Seventh National Population Census. Factors affecting health literacy among residents in areas out of poverty were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 1 916 questionnaires were allocated, and 1 908 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 99.58%. The respondents included 997 men (52.25%) and 911 women (47.75%), and had a mean age of (45.58±14.28) years. The level of health literacy was 21.38%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age (15 to 24 years, OR=5.087, 95%CI: 1.573-16.450; 25 to 34 years, OR=6.016, 95%CI: 1.991-18.183; 35 to 44 years, OR=7.526, 95%CI: 2.541-22.289; 45 to 54 years, OR=4.800, 95%CI: 1.640-14.050), educational level (junior high school, OR=5.333, 95%CI: 3.100-9.175; high school/vocational high school/technical secondary school, OR=19.895, 95%CI: 10.418-37.966; college or above, OR=27.580, 95%CI: 12.349-61.597) as factors affecting health literacy among residents in areas out of poverty in Kunming City. Conclusion The level of health literacy is 21.38% among residents in areas out of poverty in Kunming City, and age and educational level are associated factors.

As an online and offline mixed teaching method,the"1233"ideological and political teaching reform in Medical Immunology can improve students'independent learning ability,thinking ability,practical ability,ideological and political literacy.It has been piloted on a large scale at Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University.Moreover,the quality course on the Wisdom Tree online platform has been recognized as the second batch of national first-class quality course.Currently,thirty universities have chosen this quality course.Starting from the actual development of the current"1233"ideological and political teaching reform,this paper uses the SWOT analysis method to systematically analyze the internal advantages and weaknesses,as well as the opportunities and threats of the external competitive environment of the course.Based on this,propose some relevant improvement suggestions and directions,and provide important support for the subsequent optimization and improvement of"1233"ideological and political teaching reform in Medical Immunology.

Purpose/Significance To analyze relevant patented technologies,and to provide experience for medical and commercial health insurance institutions to break through the data interaction blocking point and construct a multi-level medical security system.Method/Process The patentometrics method is used to analyze the data interaction patent technology between medical and health insurance institutions from four aspects:time trend,regional distribution,category distribution and text clustering.Result/Conclusion China should pay attention to the role of data interaction in deepening cooperation between medical and insurance institutions,improve the declaration,authorization,application and protection of high-quality patents,pay attention to cross-border integration and technology-driven,and innovate patent layout to meet technological development and social needs.