Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is an essential part of the peripheral nervous system and the hub of the peripheral sensory afferent. The dynamic changes of neuronal cells and their gene expression during the development of dorsal root ganglion have been studied through single-cell RNAseq analysis, while the dynamic changes of non-neuronal cells have not been systematically studied. Using single cell RNA sequencing technology, we conducted a research on the non-neuronal cells in the dorsal root ganglia of rats at different developmental stage. In this study, primary cell suspension was obtained from using the dorsal root ganglions (DRGs, L4-L5) of ten 7-day-old rats and three 3-month-old rats. The 10×Genomics platform was used for single cell dissociation and RNA sequencing. Twenty cell subsets were acquired through cluster dimension reduction analysis, and the marker genes of different types of cells in DRG were identified according to previous researches about DRG single cell transcriptome sequencing. In order to find out the non-neuronal cell subsets with significant differences at different development stage, the cells were classified into different cell types according to markers collected from previous researches. We performed pseudotime analysis of 4 types Schwann cells. It was found that subtype Ⅱ Schwann cells emerged firstly, and then were subtype Ⅲ Schwann cells and subtype Ⅳ Schwann cells, while subtype Ⅰ Schwann cells existed during the whole development procedure. Pseudotime analysis indicated the essential genes influencing cell fate of different subtypes of Schwann cell in DRG, such as Ntrk2 and Pmp2, which affected cell fate of Schwann cells during the development period. GO analysis of differential expressed genes showed that the up-regulated genes, such as Cst3 and Spp1, were closely related to biological process of tissue homeostasis and multi-multicellular organism process. The down regulated key genes, such as Col3a1 and Col4a1, had close relationship with the progress of extracellular structure organization and negative regulation of cell adhesion. This suggested that the expression of genes enhancing cell homestasis increased, while the expression of related genes regulating ECM-receptor interaction pathway decreased during the development. The discovery provided valuable information and brand-new perspectives for the study on the physical and developmental mechanism of Schwann cell as well as the non-neuronal cell changes in DRG at different developmental stage. The differential gene expression results provided crucial references for the mechanism of somatosensory maturation during development.
Rats ; Animals ; Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transcriptome ; Neurons/metabolism* ; Schwann Cells/physiology*

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate radiomics models based on non-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for differentiating chondrosarcoma from enchondroma. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated a total of 68 patients (including 27 with chondrosarcoma and 41 with enchondroma), who were randomly divided into training group (=46) and validation group (=22). Radiomics features were extracted from TWI and TWI-FS sequences of the whole tumor by two radiologists independently and selected by Low Variance, Univariate feature selection, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). Radiomics models were constructed by multivariate logistic regression analysis based on the features from TWI and TWI-FS sequences. The receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analyses of the radiomics models and conventional MR imaging were performed to determine their diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: The ICC value for interreader agreement of the radiomics features ranged from 0.779 to 0.923, which indicated good agreement. Ten and 11 features were selected from the TWI and TWI-FS sequences to construct radiomics models, respectively. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of TWI and TWI-FS models were 0.990 and 0.925 in training group and 0.915 and 0.855 in the validation group, respectively, showing no significant differences between the two sequence-based models (>0.05). In all the cases, the AUCs of the two radiomics models based on TWI and TWI-FS sequences and conventional MR imaging were 0.955, 0.901 and 0.569, respectively, demonstrating a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy of the two sequence-based radiomics models than conventional MR imaging (<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The radiomics models based on TWI and TWI-FS non-enhanced MR imaging can be used for the differentiation of chondrosarcoma from enchondroma.
Chondroma ; Chondrosarcoma ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; ROC Curve ; Retrospective Studies

Objective Early evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of sorafenib-targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma by RECIST1.1, mRECIST and three-dimensional volume measurement. Methods Seventy patients with pathology or typical imaging findings confirmed as hepatocellular carcinoma along with the sorafenib-targeted treatment for more than 2 months between October 2004 to April 2017 in the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were retrospectively analyzed. Patients underwent chest, abdominal and pelvic CT scans and enhanced scans before and after 2 weeks of sorafenib treatment. Two physicians used RECIST 1.1, mRECIST, and volume measurement criteria to evaluate the efficacy of treatment. According to their averaged results, the patients were divided into two groups (control group and non-control group). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare the prognostic values between different response evaluation criterias for early predicting the efficacy of sorafenib-targeted therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Kappa test was used to assess the efficacy response consistency in intra-group and inter-group. Results Based on mRECIST and RECIST 1.1 measurements, the control group included 34 cases, and the non-control group included 36 cases. Based on semi-automatic volume measurement, the control group included 38 cases, and the non-control group included 32 cases. Before the treatment with sorafenib, the RECIST 1.1 and mRECIST methods were used. There was a high degree of consistency between the two doctors (Kappa values were 0.79 and 0.71, respectively), and the semi-automatic volume measurement method was extremely consistent (Kappa value was 0.90); the consistency in intra-observer by three different methods was extremely high (Kappa values were 0.91, 0.85, 0.97, respectively). After the treatment with sorafenib, the consistency between the two radiologists using RECIST 1.1 measurement was high (Kappa value was 0.65), the consistency of mRECIST measurement was moderate (Kappa value was 0.52), and the consistency of tumor volume measurement was extremely high (Kappa The value was 0.83), the consistency in intra-observer using the above three methods was high or very high (Kappa values were 0.86, 0.74, 0.90, respectively). The RECIST 1.1 and mRECIST measurements were less sensitive in early evaluation of sorafenib-targeted treatment, and there was no significant difference between the control group and the non-control group (P=0.578 and 0.613) while the semi-automatic volumetric measurement was sensitive (P=0.004). Conclusion Semi-automated three-dimensional volume measurement which has better intra-and inter-group consistency and reproducibility can reflect the efficacy of sorafenib-targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in early stage.

OBJECTIVEA Meta-analysis was performed to assess the association of defective hepatic cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) gene with smoking behaviors.

METHODSAll eligible studies published up to 2014 were searched out from PubMed, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), ISI Web of knowledge (ISI), vip citation databases (VIP), Chinese BioMedical Literature (CBM) and Elsevier Science Direct, searching words were "smok*","nicotine dependence","CYP2A6","cytochrome P450 2A6","polymorphism","mut*"and"varia*", while 436 articles were concluded. Meta-analysis was performed using Statal 3.1.

RESULTSA total of ten studies were finally included. We didn't find a significant effect of defective CYP2A6 gene on smoking initiation (fixed effect model (FEM): OR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.78-1.03, I(2) = 25.8%), smoking persistence (random effect model (REM): OR = 0.85, 95%CI: 0.59-1.23, I(2) = 66.3%) and smoking cessation (REM: OR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.57-1.40, I(2) = 67.1%). But it showed a significant protective effect of CYP2A6*4 on smoking initiation (FEM: OR = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.61-0.99, I(2) = 28.2%), smoking persistence (FEM: OR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.36-0.77, I(2) = 41.0%) and smoking cessation (REM: OR = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.31-0.80, I(2) = 0.0%).

CONCLUSIONSThis Meta-analysis suggested that there was not a protective effect of defective CYP2A6 gene against smoking behaviors. But smokers with whole CYP2A6 gene deletion would be less likely to start smoking, less smoking persistence and more likely to quit smoking successful than smokers with wild CYP2A6 gene.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6 ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Protective Factors ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Use Disorder

OBJECTIVETo study the association between reasons for smoking and results related to successful smoking cessation.

METHODSA community-based case-control study was conducted with 642 male adults recognized as successful spontaneous smoking quitters being the subject cases while another 700 male adults who had failed to quit smoking were served as the controls. Russell Reason for Smoking Questionnaire (RRSQ) was used to investigate the reasons for smoking. Dominance logistic regression was performed to determine the relative importance of reasons for starting smoking and the endpoint of successful quit smoking.

RESULTSAfter adjusting the potential confounders of age, age of smoking initiation, marital status, profession, and education, the adjusted means of sedative and stimulation of RRSQ in the successful quitters were significant lower than that in the failed quitters. Results from the dominance logistic regression showed that the first two important factors for smoking cessation were sedative and stimulation of RRSQ, followed by psychological image, automatic, hand-mouth activity, indulgence, and addiction.

CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated that factors as dependence-addiction showed more important impacts than the social-psychological ones on the endpoint of successful smoking cessation.

Adult ; Behavior, Addictive ; Case-Control Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Smoking ; psychology ; Smoking Cessation ; statistics & numerical data ; Smoking Prevention ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To study the association between reasons for smoking and results related to successful smoking cessation. Methods A community-based case-control study was conducted with 642 male adults recognized as successful spontaneous smoking quitters being the subject cases while another 700 male adults who had failed to quit smoking were served as the controls. Russell Reason for Smoking Questionnaire(RRSQ)was used to investigate the reasons for smoking. Dominance logistic regression was performed to determine the relative importance of reasons for starting smoking and the endpoint of successful quit smoking. Results After adjusting the potential confounders of age,age of smoking initiation,marital status,profession,and education,the adjusted means of sedative and stimulation of RRSQ in the successful quitters were significant lower than that in the failed quitters. Results from the dominance logistic regression showed that the first two important factors for smoking cessation were sedative and stimulation of RRSQ,followed by psychological image,automatic,hand-mouth activity,indulgence,and addiction. Conclusion This study demonstrated that factors as dependence-addiction showed more important impacts than the social-psychological ones on the endpoint of successful smoking cessation.

Objective To explore the characteristics of RR-Lorenz plot in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) patients complicating with escape beats and rhythm though ambulatory electrocardiogram.Methods The 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram of 291 persistent AF patients in second affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou university from July 2005 to April 2013 were retrospectively analyzed and the RR interval and the QRS wave were measured.Patients were divided into two groups according to the distribution of the RR-Lorenz point [AF without escape beats and rhythm group (Group A,n =259) and AF with escape beats and rhythm group (Group B,n =32)].The characteristics of RR-Lorenz plot between the two groups were compared.Results (1) Fan-shaped RR-Lorenz plots were evidenced in Group A.(2) In Group B,30 cases showed fan-shaped with L-shaped and a short dense rods along 45° line.The proportion of escape beats and rhythm was 0.28％ (275/98 369)-14.06％ (11 263/80 112).The other 2 cases in group B showed no typical RR-Lorenz plots features.Conclusion RR-Lorenz plot could help to quickly diagnose persistent AF complicating with escape beats and rhythm according to the typical RR-Lorenz plot characteristics in 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of induction with sevoflurane-midaaolam-remifentanil for tracheal intubation without muscle relaxants in patients with huge mediastinal tumor.Methods Twenty-two ASA Ⅰ-Ⅲ patients with huge mediastinal tumor,aged 22-64 yr,weighing 48-76 kg,scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia,were enrolled in this study.Anesthesia was induced with iv injection of midaaolam 0.03 mg/kg and inhalation of 8％ sevoflurane through a mask.Sevoflurane was inhaled at the initial concentration of 8％,followed by decrement of 2％ every 30 s until 4％.When the eyelash reflex disappeared,remifentani1 2 μ g/kg was injected slowly over I min and sevoflurane inhalation was stopped 30 s later.The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation.MAP and HR were recorded before induction and immediately before and 1 min after inlubation.The time of disappearance of eyelash reflex was recorded.The inlubation condition was evaluated using VibyMogensen score.Results The time period from sevoflurane inhalation to disappearance of eyelash reflex was(110 ± 14)s.The success rate of tracheal intubation at the first attempt was 86％.The position of the glottis was higher in 2 patients,and tracheal intubation was successfully performed under the guide of fiberoptic bronchoscope.The satisfactory intubation conditions were found in 86％ of cases.Compared with that before anesthesia induclion,MAP and HR were significantly decreased immediately after intubation and at 1 min after intubation(P ＜ 0.05).SpO2 ＞ 95％ in all patients.BIS was maintained at 45-55 during the period(before intubation until 1 min after intubation).Conclusion Induction with sevoflurane-midazolam-remifenlail is rapid and smooth,provides good conditions for intubation and can be applied to tracheal intubation without muscle relaxants in patients with huge mediastinal tumor.

In this study,the current status for breast diseases in a region with high-incidence of cervical cancer were epidemiologically investigated.From March to August,2009,17618 women,from Wufeng area of Hubei province,China,were recruited to screen breast diseases by using breast infrared diagnostic apparatus.Other diagnostic methods,such as B-mode ultrasound,X-ray mammography,needle biopsy and pathological examination were,if necessary,used to further confirm the diagnosis.The screening showed that 5990 of 17618 cases (34.00％) had breast diseases,5843 (33.16％) had mammary gland hyperplasia,48 (0.27％) had breast fibroadenoma,ll (0.06％) had breast carcinoma,and 88 (0.50％) had other breast diseases.The peak morbidity of breast cancer was found in the women aged 50-0 ages.The morbidity of breast cancer was significantly increased in women elder than or equal to 50 years old (n=8,0.157％) in comparison with that in the subjects younger than 50 years old (n=3,0.024％) (u=2.327,P＜0.05).It was shown that the occurrence of breast diseases was concentrated in women aged 20-40 years,while the total morbidity reached its peak at the age of 30 years and then decreased sharply after age of 40.Compared with the patients elder than or equal to 40 years old (n=3289,27.46％),the morbidity rate of breast diseases was significantly increased in women less than 40 years old (2648 cases,47.18％; P＜0.001).However,there was no significant difference in the morbidity of breast diseases between the age group of 20-29 years and that of 30-39 years (P=0.453),and both of them were high.There was no significant association between the morbidity of breast diseases and cervical cancer.Since the morbidity of breast diseases was higher among young women,more attention should be paid to the screening of breast diseases among young women for early diagnosis.

ObjectiveTo study the Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes in AIDS patients at different age grades. MethodsThe ECG of 400 AIDS patients at different age were analyzed retrospectively. Results(①)The rate of abnormal ECG in the age group of 46 ～50 years was significantly higher than 11 ～ 15(P =0. 008) ,21 ～25( P = 0. 041 ),31 ～ 35 ( P = 0. 022 ),41 ～ 45 ( P = 0. 001 ) and 51 ～ 55 ( P = 0. 047 ) years groups respectively. (②)The rate of bradyarrhythmia in the age group of 46 ～ 50 years was significantly higher than 31 ～ 35 (U = 2. 44) ,36 -40( U = 2. 18 ) ,41 ～ 45 ( U = 2. 57 ) years groups ( P ＜ 0. 05 respectively. (③)The rate of left atrial and ventricular hypertrophy in 11 ～ 15 years group was significantly lower than the age groups older than 46 (except for 51 ～ 55years group) ;those aged ＞60 had higher atrial and ventricular hypertrophy rate than 36 ～40,41 ～45 and 51 ～55years groups ( P ＜ 0. 05 respectively). ConclusionsAIDS patients at all ages may present abnormal ECG, which is positively correlated with age.