Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of three-dimensional (3D) printed clear aligners (CA) with different designs on the extrusion of mandibular premolars using a force/moment measurement system and digital image correlation (DIC). Methods: The forces and moments applied to the mandibular canines, first and second premolars were measured using a multi-axis force/ moment transducer when an extrusion of 0.5 mm was planned, assuming the mandibular first premolars were intruded by 1 mm. In addition, displacement and strain changes in the CA were analyzed using the DIC method. CA designs were categorized based on the presence of first premolar attachment and subdivided into equigingival margins, 1-mm extended margins, equi-margins with 1-mm thickness and height, and equi-margins with 1-mm reduced buccolingual width.The CA was printed directly at a thickness of 0.5 mm, and the experiments were conducted at 37°C. Results: The results showed that attachment played an important role in the extrusion of first premolars in both the force/moment measurement system and the DIC method. Intrusion was observed without attachment, even though extrusion was planned. CA designs apply greater force to the cervical region by extending the margin or reducing the buccolingual width, thereby improving extrusion efficiency. Conclusions Force and moment changes in direct 3D printed CA are complex and difficult to predict; however, modifying aligner designs, such as extending the margin or reducing buccolingual width, and using appropriate attachments could minimize unwanted tooth movement, optimize planned treatment, and increase treatment predictability.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of three-dimensional (3D) printed clear aligners (CA) with different designs on the extrusion of mandibular premolars using a force/moment measurement system and digital image correlation (DIC). Methods: The forces and moments applied to the mandibular canines, first and second premolars were measured using a multi-axis force/ moment transducer when an extrusion of 0.5 mm was planned, assuming the mandibular first premolars were intruded by 1 mm. In addition, displacement and strain changes in the CA were analyzed using the DIC method. CA designs were categorized based on the presence of first premolar attachment and subdivided into equigingival margins, 1-mm extended margins, equi-margins with 1-mm thickness and height, and equi-margins with 1-mm reduced buccolingual width.The CA was printed directly at a thickness of 0.5 mm, and the experiments were conducted at 37°C. Results: The results showed that attachment played an important role in the extrusion of first premolars in both the force/moment measurement system and the DIC method. Intrusion was observed without attachment, even though extrusion was planned. CA designs apply greater force to the cervical region by extending the margin or reducing the buccolingual width, thereby improving extrusion efficiency. Conclusions Force and moment changes in direct 3D printed CA are complex and difficult to predict; however, modifying aligner designs, such as extending the margin or reducing buccolingual width, and using appropriate attachments could minimize unwanted tooth movement, optimize planned treatment, and increase treatment predictability.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of three-dimensional (3D) printed clear aligners (CA) with different designs on the extrusion of mandibular premolars using a force/moment measurement system and digital image correlation (DIC). Methods: The forces and moments applied to the mandibular canines, first and second premolars were measured using a multi-axis force/ moment transducer when an extrusion of 0.5 mm was planned, assuming the mandibular first premolars were intruded by 1 mm. In addition, displacement and strain changes in the CA were analyzed using the DIC method. CA designs were categorized based on the presence of first premolar attachment and subdivided into equigingival margins, 1-mm extended margins, equi-margins with 1-mm thickness and height, and equi-margins with 1-mm reduced buccolingual width.The CA was printed directly at a thickness of 0.5 mm, and the experiments were conducted at 37°C. Results: The results showed that attachment played an important role in the extrusion of first premolars in both the force/moment measurement system and the DIC method. Intrusion was observed without attachment, even though extrusion was planned. CA designs apply greater force to the cervical region by extending the margin or reducing the buccolingual width, thereby improving extrusion efficiency. Conclusions Force and moment changes in direct 3D printed CA are complex and difficult to predict; however, modifying aligner designs, such as extending the margin or reducing buccolingual width, and using appropriate attachments could minimize unwanted tooth movement, optimize planned treatment, and increase treatment predictability.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of three-dimensional (3D) printed clear aligners (CA) with different designs on the extrusion of mandibular premolars using a force/moment measurement system and digital image correlation (DIC). Methods: The forces and moments applied to the mandibular canines, first and second premolars were measured using a multi-axis force/ moment transducer when an extrusion of 0.5 mm was planned, assuming the mandibular first premolars were intruded by 1 mm. In addition, displacement and strain changes in the CA were analyzed using the DIC method. CA designs were categorized based on the presence of first premolar attachment and subdivided into equigingival margins, 1-mm extended margins, equi-margins with 1-mm thickness and height, and equi-margins with 1-mm reduced buccolingual width.The CA was printed directly at a thickness of 0.5 mm, and the experiments were conducted at 37°C. Results: The results showed that attachment played an important role in the extrusion of first premolars in both the force/moment measurement system and the DIC method. Intrusion was observed without attachment, even though extrusion was planned. CA designs apply greater force to the cervical region by extending the margin or reducing the buccolingual width, thereby improving extrusion efficiency. Conclusions Force and moment changes in direct 3D printed CA are complex and difficult to predict; however, modifying aligner designs, such as extending the margin or reducing buccolingual width, and using appropriate attachments could minimize unwanted tooth movement, optimize planned treatment, and increase treatment predictability.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of three-dimensional (3D) printed clear aligners (CA) with different designs on the extrusion of mandibular premolars using a force/moment measurement system and digital image correlation (DIC). Methods: The forces and moments applied to the mandibular canines, first and second premolars were measured using a multi-axis force/ moment transducer when an extrusion of 0.5 mm was planned, assuming the mandibular first premolars were intruded by 1 mm. In addition, displacement and strain changes in the CA were analyzed using the DIC method. CA designs were categorized based on the presence of first premolar attachment and subdivided into equigingival margins, 1-mm extended margins, equi-margins with 1-mm thickness and height, and equi-margins with 1-mm reduced buccolingual width.The CA was printed directly at a thickness of 0.5 mm, and the experiments were conducted at 37°C. Results: The results showed that attachment played an important role in the extrusion of first premolars in both the force/moment measurement system and the DIC method. Intrusion was observed without attachment, even though extrusion was planned. CA designs apply greater force to the cervical region by extending the margin or reducing the buccolingual width, thereby improving extrusion efficiency. Conclusions Force and moment changes in direct 3D printed CA are complex and difficult to predict; however, modifying aligner designs, such as extending the margin or reducing buccolingual width, and using appropriate attachments could minimize unwanted tooth movement, optimize planned treatment, and increase treatment predictability.

Spontaneous arterial bleeding has been reported rarely. In a patient consuming heavy amounts of alcohol with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, spontaneous bleeding can be evoked by thrombocytopenia, altered platelet function, and shear stress on fully dilated arteries by portal hypertension. Alcohol consumption itself can also predispose a patient to bleeding by influencing the aggregation and activation of platelets, and altering the coagulation and fibrinolysis pathway. All of these mechanisms could cause patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis to bleed spontaneously; however, conditions inducing peripheral arterial bleeding are very rare. Here, we report three cases of spontaneous arterial bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis consuming heavy amounts of alcohol. All of the patients bled without any physical trauma, and the involved arteries were the intercostal arteries in two cases and a gastroduodenal artery in the other case. The patients were treated by angiographic embolization. One expired due to recurrence of arterial bleeding despite repeated angiographic embolization and massive transfusion.
Alcohol Drinking ; Arteries ; Blood Platelets ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Fibrinolysis ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic* ; Recurrence ; Thrombocytopenia

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Physical activity (PA) is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. Thus, we examined the colon transit time (CTT) according to the physical activity level (PAL) in Korean adults. METHODS: The study subjects were 49 adults: 24 males and 25 females. The subjects used an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days to measure the 1-week PAL. The subjects took a capsule containing 20 radio-opaque markers for 3 days. On the fourth day, a supine abdominal radiography was performed. According to the total activity count of all study subjects, the upper 25%, middle 50% and lower 25% were classified into the high (H), moderate (M) and low (L) physical activity (PA) groups, respectively. RESULTS: The total CTT was significantly longer in the female (25.8 hours) than in the male subjects (7.4 hours) (P = 0.002). In regard to difference on PAL, although there was no significant difference among the male subjects, the right CTT in the female subjects was significantly shorter in H group than in M group (P = 0.048), and the recto-sigmoid CTT was significantly shorter in H group than in L group (P = 0.023). Furthermore, there were significant differences in total CTT between L and M groups (P = 0.022), M and H groups (P = 0.026) and between L and H groups (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The female, but not male, subjects showed that moderate and high PAL assisted colon transit.
Adult ; Colon ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Radiography, Abdominal

In 2010, a Korean guideline for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was made by the Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, in which the definition and diagnosis of GERD were not included. The aim of this guideline was to update the clinical approach to the diagnosis and management of GERD in adult patients. This guideline was developed by the adaptation process of the ADAPTE framework. Twelve guidelines were retrieved from initial queries through the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II process. Twenty-seven statements were made as a draft and revised by modified Delphi method. Finally, 24 consensus statements for the definition (n=4), diagnosis (n=7) and management (n=13) of GERD were developed. Multidisciplinary experts participated in the development of the guideline, and the external review of the guideline was conducted at the finalization phase.
Antacids/therapeutic use ; Anti-Ulcer Agents/therapeutic use ; Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Barrett Esophagus/complications/diagnosis ; Databases, Factual ; Diet ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Esophageal pH Monitoring ; Gastroesophageal Reflux/complications/*diagnosis/drug therapy ; Histamine Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Peptic Ulcer/complications/diagnosis ; Proton Pump Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Stomach Neoplasms/complications/diagnosis

Intestinal ischemia is divided into three categories, namely, acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI), chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI), and colonic ischemia. AMI can result from arterial or venous thrombi, emboli, and vasoconstriction secondary to low-flow states. It is an urgent condition which can result in high mortality rate. The predominant causative factor of CMI is stenosis or occlusion of the mesenteric arterial circulation, and it is characterized by postprandial abdominal pain and weight loss. Surgery is the treatment of choice for intestinal ischemia. However, it has been recently reported that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent placement and/or thrombolysis is an effective therapy in various types of mesenteric ischemia. We report six cases of mesenteric ischemia which were successfully treated by percutaneous angioplasty, and review the literature from South Korea.
Acute Disease ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Angioplasty, Balloon ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Intestines/*blood supply ; Ischemia/surgery/*therapy ; Male ; Mesenteric Artery, Superior ; Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion/surgery ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Intestinal ischemia is divided into three categories, namely, acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI), chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI), and colonic ischemia. AMI can result from arterial or venous thrombi, emboli, and vasoconstriction secondary to low-flow states. It is an urgent condition which can result in high mortality rate. The predominant causative factor of CMI is stenosis or occlusion of the mesenteric arterial circulation, and it is characterized by postprandial abdominal pain and weight loss. Surgery is the treatment of choice for intestinal ischemia. However, it has been recently reported that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent placement and/or thrombolysis is an effective therapy in various types of mesenteric ischemia. We report six cases of mesenteric ischemia which were successfully treated by percutaneous angioplasty, and review the literature from South Korea.
Acute Disease ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Angioplasty, Balloon ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Intestines/*blood supply ; Ischemia/surgery/*therapy ; Male ; Mesenteric Artery, Superior ; Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion/surgery ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed