Early detection of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant bacteria in blood culture tests influences the choice of antimicrobial agents. We report on our hospital’s system for early reporting of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant bacteria and its utility. The hospital operates a 24-h simple cefpodoxime (CPDX) testing system, where the content of a sample container with a positive blood culture result is smeared on a CA Sheep Blood Agar/VCM Chocolate EX II fractionation medium, and an antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) disk (Sensi-Disk CPDX) is placed at the center of the medium and incubated. The presence or absence of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant bacteria is estimated from the diameter of the growth inhibition zone. The physician in charge of AST makes comments on the chart based on the simple CPDX test results. The sensitivity of the simple CPDX test for detecting third-generation cephalosporin-resistant bacteria, based on AST results, was 95.5%. Among patients with failed antimicrobial therapy, the rate of switching antimicrobials before the AST results were known was 57.9% in cases where there were comments made by the physicians in charge of AST, compared with 42.9% in cases without comments. These results suggest that the simple CPDX test enables early and accurate detection of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant bacteria, facilitating early switching of antimicrobial agents through collaboration with physicians in charge of AST.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the potential association between the combination of low physical activity and low dietary diversity with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older Japanese adults. Methods: Data from 600 older adults (mean age, 74.1±6.4 years; women, 62.0%) were analyzed. We evaluated dietary variety based on the Food Frequency Score (FFS; maximum 30 points) by assessing the 1-week consumption frequencies of ten foods. An FFS of ≤16 indicated low dietary diversity. We assessed MCI using the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Functional Assessment Tool. Physical activity levels was determined based on participant responses to two questions: “Do you engage in moderate levels of physical exercise or sports aimed at health?” and “Do you engage in low levels of physical exercise aimed at health?” Participants who responded “No” to both questions were classified as having low physical activity levels. We classified the participants into robust, low-dietary diversity, low-physical activity, and coexistence groups. Results: The overall prevalence of MCI was 20.7%, with rates in the robust, low dietary diversity, low physical activity, and coexistence groups of 17.7%, 24.7%, 25.0%, and 41.9%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that low dietary diversity and physical activity were associated with MCI in older adults (odds ratio=2.80, 95% confidence interval 1.22–6.28). Conclusion The results of the present study demonstrated the association of the co-occurrence of low dietary diversity and low physical activity with MCI. Older adults with both risk factors may require early detection, as well as physical activity and dietary interventions.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the potential association between the combination of low physical activity and low dietary diversity with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older Japanese adults. Methods: Data from 600 older adults (mean age, 74.1±6.4 years; women, 62.0%) were analyzed. We evaluated dietary variety based on the Food Frequency Score (FFS; maximum 30 points) by assessing the 1-week consumption frequencies of ten foods. An FFS of ≤16 indicated low dietary diversity. We assessed MCI using the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Functional Assessment Tool. Physical activity levels was determined based on participant responses to two questions: “Do you engage in moderate levels of physical exercise or sports aimed at health?” and “Do you engage in low levels of physical exercise aimed at health?” Participants who responded “No” to both questions were classified as having low physical activity levels. We classified the participants into robust, low-dietary diversity, low-physical activity, and coexistence groups. Results: The overall prevalence of MCI was 20.7%, with rates in the robust, low dietary diversity, low physical activity, and coexistence groups of 17.7%, 24.7%, 25.0%, and 41.9%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that low dietary diversity and physical activity were associated with MCI in older adults (odds ratio=2.80, 95% confidence interval 1.22–6.28). Conclusion The results of the present study demonstrated the association of the co-occurrence of low dietary diversity and low physical activity with MCI. Older adults with both risk factors may require early detection, as well as physical activity and dietary interventions.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the potential association between the combination of low physical activity and low dietary diversity with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older Japanese adults. Methods: Data from 600 older adults (mean age, 74.1±6.4 years; women, 62.0%) were analyzed. We evaluated dietary variety based on the Food Frequency Score (FFS; maximum 30 points) by assessing the 1-week consumption frequencies of ten foods. An FFS of ≤16 indicated low dietary diversity. We assessed MCI using the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Functional Assessment Tool. Physical activity levels was determined based on participant responses to two questions: “Do you engage in moderate levels of physical exercise or sports aimed at health?” and “Do you engage in low levels of physical exercise aimed at health?” Participants who responded “No” to both questions were classified as having low physical activity levels. We classified the participants into robust, low-dietary diversity, low-physical activity, and coexistence groups. Results: The overall prevalence of MCI was 20.7%, with rates in the robust, low dietary diversity, low physical activity, and coexistence groups of 17.7%, 24.7%, 25.0%, and 41.9%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that low dietary diversity and physical activity were associated with MCI in older adults (odds ratio=2.80, 95% confidence interval 1.22–6.28). Conclusion The results of the present study demonstrated the association of the co-occurrence of low dietary diversity and low physical activity with MCI. Older adults with both risk factors may require early detection, as well as physical activity and dietary interventions.

Background: Dementia is a critical late-life health issue that occurs among members of aging societies. This study examined the relationships between eating out, dietary diversity, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: We analyzed data from 597 older adults (median age 73.0 years, interquartile range 69.0–78.0 years; 62.6% females). We applied the food frequency score to evaluate diet variety and the weekly consumption frequencies of ten food items were determined. The National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Functional Assessment Tool (NCGG-FAT) was used to evaluate MCI. Finally, we asked the participants how often they ate out each month; those who replied "none" were categorized into the "non-eating out" group. Results: The overall prevalence of MCI was 122 (20.4%), with a higher prevalence in the low dietary diversity group than in the high dietary diversity group (28.6% vs. 18.6%). After adjusting for covariates, the participants who self-described as not eating out were independently associated with low dietary diversity (odds ratio [OR]=1.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20–3.20), while low dietary diversity was associated with MCI (OR=1.72; 95% CI 1.02–2.87). Structural equation models revealed that not eating out had no direct effect on MCI but was associated with MCI via low dietary diversity (root mean square error of approximation=0.030, goodness-of-fit index=0.999, and adjusted goodness-of-fit index=0.984). Conclusions Although non-eating out may not have a direct effect on MCI, an indirect relationship may exist between eating-out habits and MCI via dietary diversity status.

Objective: In the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, pro re nata (PRN) drugs are commonly prescribed for medical indications such as agitation, acute psychiatric symptoms, insomnia, and anxiety. However, high-quality evidence supporting the use of PRN medications is lacking, and these drugs are administered on the basis of clinical experience and habits. Therefore, the actual use of psychotropic PRN drugs and its influence on the patients’ outcomes need to be investigated. Methods: This study included 205 patients who underwent inpatient treatment for schizophrenia. We investigated the prescription of psychotropic drugs before admission and at discharge, as well as the dosing frequency of PRN drugs during hospitalization. We also examined the influence of psychotropic PRN drug use on hospitalization days, antipsychotic polypharmacy, and readmission rates. Results: Patients who used psychotropic PRN drugs during hospitalization had significantly longer hospitalization days (p = 7.5 × 10−4 ) and significantly higher rates of antipsychotic polypharmacy (p = 2.4 × 10−4 ) at discharge than those who did not use psychotropic PRN drugs. Moreover, a higher number of psychotropic PRN drugs used per day was associated with higher readmission rates within 3 months of discharge (p = 4.4 × 10−3 ). Conclusion Psychotropic PRN drug use is associated with prolonged hospitalization, antipsychotic polypharmacy, and increased readmission rates in inpatients with schizophrenia. Therefore, psychiatric symptoms should be stabilized with regularly prescribed medications without the extensive use of psychotropic PRN drugs. Moreover, a system for monitoring and reexamining PRN drug use needs to be established.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the changes in the sense of difficulty hospital staff felt toward palliative care before and after a palliative care team of the pediatric hospital started in-hospital consultation. A self-administered questionnaire about the difficulty, consisting of 21 items in five areas, was used to conduct a survey in 2015 for the pre-consultation period, and in 2018 for the post-consultation period. Responses were obtained from 222 people in the pre-consultation period (response rate of 70.9%) and from 384 people in the post-consultation period (response rate of 87.3%). Over 70% of the respondents were nurses and midwives. A lower sense of difficulty was observed in three of the items including “relief of painful symptoms”, “family care during caregiving”, and “support when oneself and surrounding staff feeling inadequate and lost”. Further, a significant decrease was observed in the sense of difficulty in six items reported by nurses and midwives in departments receiving the interventions. Eleven of the 16 cases in which the palliative care team intervened involved multiple requests for intervention for 2 patients with pain control difficulties, suggesting that the consultation activities contributed to the decrease in the sense of difficulty experienced by nurses and midwives.

Objective: This study aimed to verify the utility of simple, safe, and effective venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis and implement it with few adverse events during cesarean delivery. Methods: This single-center, prospective study involved pregnant women who underwent cesarean deliveries from August 3, 2020 to March 31, 2022. Patients with VTE risk factors were initially administered unfractionated heparin (5,000 international unit [IU] subcutaneously, twice daily), 6 hours after cesarean delivery. Subsequently, they were administered enoxaparin (2,000 IU subcutaneously, twice daily). They were not administered anticoagulants if one or more of the exclusion criteria were met. The primary efficacy outcome was the incidence of symptomatic VTE. The primary safety outcome was the incidence of major bleeding. Results: Out of the 850 women eligible for this study, 551 (64.9%) had one or more VTE risk factors and 299 (35.1%) had no risk factors. Of the 551 women with one or more VTE risk factors, 15 met one or more exclusion criteria for enoxaparin administration. A total of 314 women received only perioperative mechanical prophylaxis, including 15 who met the exclusion criteria for anticoagulants and 299 without VTE risk factors. During implementation of the protocol, no woman developed symptomatic VTE after cesarean delivery. Major bleeding occurred in only one woman who received postoperative anticoagulants. Conclusion This protocol, which clarified the administration of anticoagulants according to VTE risk factors and dose reduction/discontinuation criteria, may be an effective and safe VTE prophylaxis for cesarean deliveries.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus induced by immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI-T1DM) is a rare critical entity. However, the etiology of ICI-T1DM remains unclear. Methods: In order to elucidate risk factors for ICI-T1DM, we evaluated the clinical course and immunological status of patients with ICI-T1DM who had been diagnosed during 2016 to 2021. Results: Seven of 871 (0.8%, six men and one woman) patients developed ICI-T1DM. We revealed that the allele frequencies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DPA1*02:02 and DPB1*05:01 were significantly higher in the patients with ICI-T1DM In comparison to the controls who received ICI (11/14 vs. 10/26, P=0.022; 11/14 vs. 7/26, P=0.0027, respectively). HLA-DRB1*04:05, which has been found to be a T1DM susceptibility allele in Asians, was also observed as a high-risk allele for ICI-T1DM. The significance of the HLA-DPB1*05:01 and DRB1*04:05 alleles was confirmed by an analysis of four additional patients. The absolute/relative neutrophil count, neutrophils-lymphocyte ratio, and neutrophil-eosinophil ratio increased, and the absolute lymphocyte count and absolute/relative eosinophil count decreased at the onset as compared with 6 weeks before. In two patients, alterations in cytokines and chemokines were found at the onset. Conclusion Novel high-risk HLA alleles and haplotypes were identified in ICI-T1DM, and peripheral blood factors may be utilized as biomarkers.