Oligodendrocytes(OLs)play a crucial role in myelination during the development and repair of the central nervous system.ATP serves not only as an important signaling molecule involving in the intercellular com-munications,but also as an energetic molecule,with its purinergic receptor subtypes widely present in neurons and glial cells.These subtypes are composed of two purinergic receptors:P1 and P2:The former are primarily activated by adenosine,and the latter mainly by ATP,ADP,and UTP.The two receptors paly their respective role in various regions of the CNS under physiological or pathological conditions through distinct mechanisms.In this paper,we review recent literature on the roles and mechanisms of the purinergic receptors in OL development,myelination,and myelin repair.It may be of great significance for further understanding the role of purinergic signaling in demy-elinating diseases and myelin dysplasia and exploring potential therapeutic targets.

Malocclusion,identified by the World Health Organization(WHO)as one of three major oral diseases,profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions,facial esthetics,and long-term development of～260 million children in China.Beyond its physical manifestations,malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children.Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition,by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth.Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development,ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase.From an economic and societal standpoint,the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated,underlining its profound practical and social importance.This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children,emphasizing critical need for early treatment.It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics,proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment,serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.

Objective:To investigate the safety and feasibility of the CHESS endoscpic ruler (CHESS ruler), and the consistency between the measured values and the interpretation values by endoscopic physician experience.Methods:From January 2021 to January 2022, a total of 105 liver cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension were prospectively enrolled from General Hospital, Xixia Branch Hospital, Ningnan Hospital of People′s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (29 cases), and the First People′s Hospital of Yinchuan (25 cases), General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University (18 cases), Wuzhong People′s Hospital (10 cases), the Fifth People′s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (10 cases), Shizuishan Second People′s Hospital (6 cases), Yinchuan Second People′s Hospital (5 cases), and Zhongwei People′s Hospital (2 cases) 8 hospitals. The clinical characteristics of all the patients, including gender, age, nationality, etiolog of liver cirrhosis, and Child-Pugh classification of liver function were recorded. A big gastroesophageal varices was defined as diameter of varices ≥5 mm. Endoscopist (associated chief physician) performed gastroscopy according to the routine gastroscopy procedures, and the diameter of the biggest esophageal varices was measured by experience and images were collected, and then objective measurement was with the CHESS ruler and images were collected. The diameter of esophageal varices of 10 randomly selected patients (random number table method) was determined by 6 endoscopists (attending physician or associated chief physician) with experience or measured by CHESS ruler. Kappa test was used to test the consistency in the diameter of esophageal varices between measured values by CHESS ruler and the interpretation values by endoscopic physician experience.Results:Among 105 liver cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension, male 65 cases and female 40 cases, aged (54.8±12.2) years old, Han nationality 82 cases, Hui nationality 21 cases and Mongolian nationality 2 cases. The etiology of liver cirrhosis included chronic hepatitis B (79 cases), alcoholic liver disease (7 cases), autoimmune hepatitis (7 cases), chronic hepatitis C (2 cases), and other etiology (10 cases). Liver function of 32 cases was Child-Pugh A, Child-Pugh B 57 cases, and Child-Pugh C 16 cases. All 105 liver cirrhosis patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension were successfully measured the diameter of gastroesophageal varices by CHESS ruler, and the success rate of application of CHESS ruler was 100.0% (105/105). The procedure time from the CHESS ruler into the body to the exit of the body after measurement was (3.50±2.55) min. No complications happened in all the patients during measurement. Among 105 liver cirrhosis patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension, 96 cases (91.4%) were recognized as big gastroesophageal varices by the endoscopists. Totally 93 cases (88.6%) were considered as big gastroesophageal varices by CHESS ruler. Eight cases were recognized as big gastroesophageal varices by the endoscopist, however not by the CHESS ruler; 5 cases were recognized as big gastroesophageal varices by the CHESS ruler, but not by the endoscopists; 4 cases were not recognized as big gastroesophageal varices both by the endoscopists and CHESS ruler; 88 cases were recognized as big gastroesophageal varices both by the endoscopists and CHESS ruler. The missed diagnostic rate of big gastroesophageal varices by the endoscopists experience was 5.4% (5/93), and the Kappa value of consistency coefficient between the measurement by the CHESS ruler and the interpretation by endoscopists experience was 0.31 (95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.60). The overall Kappa value of consistency coefficient by 6 endoscopists measured by CHESS ruler in big gastroesophageal varices diagnosis was 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.61 to 0.93).Conclusion:As an objective measurement tool, CHESS ruler can make up for the deficiency of subjective judgment by endoscopists, accurately measure the diameter of gastroesophageal varices, and is highly feasible and safe.

Malocclusion is an oral disease with a high prevalence. The goal of orthodontic treatment is health, aesthetics, function and stability. The transmission straight wire appliance and technique is an innovative orthodontic system with independent intellectual property rights invented by Professor Jiuxiang Lin′s team based on decades of clinical experience, which provides a new solution for the non-surgical correction of skeletal malocclusions, especially class Ⅲ malocclusion, and it is also a good carrier for the implementation of the concept of healthy orthodontics. Due to the lack of guidelines, how to implement standardized application of transmission straight wire technique remains a problem to be solved. This technical specification was formed by combining the guidance from Professor Jiuxiang Lin and joint revision by a number of authoritative experts from the Orthodontic Special Committee, Chinese Stomatological Association, with reference to relevant literatures, and combined with abundant clinical experience of many experts. This specification aims to provide reference to standardize the clinical application of transmission straight wire technique, so as to reduce the risk and complications, and finally to improve the clinical application level of this technique.

Functional hubs with disproportionately extensive connectivities play a crucial role in global information integration in human brain networks. However, most resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) studies have identified functional hubs by examining spontaneous fluctuations of the blood oxygen level-dependent signal within a typical low-frequency band (e.g., 0.01-0.08 Hz or 0.01-0.1 Hz). Little is known about how the spatial distributions of functional hubs depend on frequency bands of interest. Here, we used repeatedly measured R-fMRI data from 53 healthy young adults and a degree centrality analysis to identify voxelwise frequency-resolved functional hubs and further examined their test-retest reliability across two sessions. We showed that a wide-range frequency band (0.01-0.24 Hz) accessible with a typical sampling rate (f_sample = 0.5 Hz) could be classified into three frequency bands with distinct patterns, namely, low-frequency (LF, 0.01-0.06 Hz), middle-frequency (MF, 0.06-0.16 Hz), and high-frequency (HF, 0.16-0.24 Hz) bands. The functional hubs were mainly located in the medial and lateral frontal and parietal cortices in the LF band, and in the medial prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, and several cerebellar regions in the MF and HF bands. These hub regions exhibited fair to good test-retest reliability, regardless of the frequency band. The presence of the three frequency bands was well replicated using an independent R-fMRI dataset from 45 healthy young adults. Our findings demonstrate reliable frequency-resolved functional connectivity hubs in three categories, thus providing insights into the frequency-specific connectome organization in healthy and disordered brains.
Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Connectome/methods* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rest ; Young Adult

Objective:To explore the effects of problem-solving therapy on breastfeeding self-efficacy and psychological status among primiparas, to provide basis for improving the breastfeeding of primipara.Methods:A total of 102 primiparas were divided into experimental group and control group by random number table method, each group contained 51 cases. Finally, 47 cases in the experimental group and 49 cases in the control group completed the study. The control group received routine nursing, while primiparas in the experimental group carried out problem-solving therapy. Before and after 6-week intervention, the effects was assessed by Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and General Well-being Schedule (GWB), respectively.Results:After intervention, the scores of primapara feedig cognition, feeding feeling, feeding skills and BSES total scores were (21.13±2.97) points, (65.47±6.63) points, (31.94±2.59) points, (118.53±8.47) points in the experimental group, significantly higher than (19.43±3.28) points, (61.76±5.20) points, (30.53±2.01) points, (111.71±6.11) points in the control group ( t values were 2.658-4.507, P<0.01); the scores of EPDS were (6.04±1.49) points in the experimental group, significantly lower than (6.92±2.08) points in the control group; the scores of life satisfaction and interest, depression and pleasure, energy, relaxation and tension in General Well-Being (GWB) and total scores were (7.51±1.71) points, (20.19±2.47) points, (21.68±2.32) points, (17.06±2.74) points, (90.45±4.96) points in the experimental group, significanlty higher than (6.41±1.82) points, (18.71±2.98) points, (20.57±1.87) points, (15.78±1.79) points, (84.61±5.26) points in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( t values were 2.380-5.587, P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusion:Problem-solving therapy can improve breastfeeding self-efficacy and alleviate postnatal depression as well as enhance subjective well-being of primipara women.

Objective:This paper analyzed the operation of network laboratory and external quality control assessment of endemic arsenic disease laboratories at all levels in Guizhou Province, to provide reliable experimental quality assurance for evaluating the prevention and treatment effect and taking targeted intervention measure of endemic arsenic poisoning.Methods:The results of network operation and external quality control (arsenic in water, arsenic in urine) were statistically analyzed from 2008 to 2017. The assessment scope included the arsenic detection laboratory of provincial (1), municipal (1) and county level (2) which undertook endemic arsenic poisoning monitoring tasks.Results:From 2008 to 2017, 1 provincial laboratory for the determination of arsenic in water and urine was qualified. From 2011 to 2017, 1 municipal laboratory for the determination of arsenic in water and urine was qualified. From 2014 to 2017, 2 county level laboratories for the determination of arsenic in water and urine were qualified. From 2014 to 2017, the water and urinary arsenic in provincial, municipal and county laboratories had been continuously assessed as all qualified. The │Z│ values of water arsenic in provincial laboratories from 2008 to 2017 and urine arsenic from 2009 to 2017 were ≤2, and the results were satisfactory. The │Z│ values of arsenic in water after 2010 and in urine after 2011 in municipal and one county level laboratories were ≤2, which were all qualified and the results were satisfactory.Conclusions:The network laboratory of endemic arsenic disease in Guizhou Province operates well. The quality control of the laboratory and the results of external quality control of arsenic samples meet the quality requirements of the national laboratory, which can provide accurate and reliable test data guarantee for the continuous elimination of endemic arsenic disease.

Objective? To investigate the status of caregiver preparedness and adult attachment among the spouse of young and middle-aged stroke patients,and to analyze the correlation between them. Methods? From January 2017 to May 2018,110 spouses of stroke patients who were treated in Affiliated Hangzhou First People＇s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine were selected as subjects by convenience sampling. The General Information Questionnaire,Care Preparedness Scale (CPS),and Experience in Close Relationship Scale (ECR) were used in the survey. Totally 110 questionnaires were distributed, and 102 valid ones were retrieved, yielding an effective recovery rate of 92.73%. Results? The total CPS score of 102 young and middle-aged stroke patients was (12.87±5.39). The scores of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance in ECR were (57.96 ±11.69) and (48.06 ±12.10). There were statistically significant differences in the scores of preparedness of caregivers among spouse caregivers of different ages, self reported health status and nursing experience (P＜ 0.05). Attachment anxiety dimension was negatively correlated with caregiver preparedness score (r=-0.318,P＜0.01), and attachment avoidance dimension was negatively correlated with caregiver preparedness score (r=-0.233,P＜ 0.01). Conclusions? The preparedness status of the spouses caregivers of young and middle-aged stroke patients are at a low level. Medical workers can improve their care preparedness by giving them home care knowledge guidance,reducing their attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety so as to improve their preparedness.

Objective? To analyze the root causes of fall in elderly patients, explore the corresponding countermeasures and combine the balance function and knee joint strengthening training to reduce the incidence of fall in elderly patients. Methods? First, the cause of fall of the patients in the department of rehabilitation from November 2014 to October 2016 were analyzed with the method of root cause analysis and retrospective analysis, and targeted corrective measures were formulated. The elderly patients fell between the time period from November of 2016 to October of 2017 and November of 2017 to October of 2018 were enrolled into the control group and observation group by convenience sampling. Corrective measures were formulated based on root cause analysis and action (RCA2) to prevent falls in the control group, on the basis of that balance function training combined with strengthening training of knee joint control were adopted to prevent fall in the observation group. The two groups were compared in terms of the differences in the incidence of fall, five times of sitting and standing test(FTSST), 10 meters maximum walking speed (10MWS), Berg Balance Scale(BBS)and Tinetti Gait Analysis (TGA). The incidence of fall in the department before the implementation of corrective measures based on RCA2(November 2014 to October 2016) and the time period of November 2016 to October 2018 which is after the implementation of RCA2 based corrective measures were compared. Results? After implementing the corrective measures, the fall rate of the elderly patients reduced from 2.0% to 0.9% with statistical difference (χ2=4.343, P=0.037). There was statistical difference (χ2=3.899, P=0.048) in terms of the incidence of fall between the observation group (4.24%) and the control group (0.64%). Before intervention, the two groups had no statistical difference in the FTSST, 10MWS, BBS and TGA(P＞0.05). In the control group, there was no statistical difference before and after intervention (P＞ 0.05); in the observation group, there was statistical difference before and after intervention (P＜0.05). After intervention, the observation group was better than the control group in the FTSST, 10MWS, BBS and TGA with statistical difference (P＜0.05). Conclusions? The comprehensive use of root cause analysis and intensive training of knee joint control and balance function training to manage elderly patients scientifically can effectively reduce the incidence of falls.

Aim To explore the protective effect of ac-tive components of Xiaoxuming decoction ( XXMD ) on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats dur-ing early recovery period .Methods The ischemia and reperfusion of middle cerebral artery model rats were established by nylon wire with 2 hours ischemic time on healthy male SD rats .The models of MCAO were eval-uated by Zea-Longa′s standard score .The model rats were randomly divided into sham operation group , the ischemia/reperfusion model group , the active compo-nents group of Xiaoxuming decoction and the positive group (extract of ginkgo biloba leaves EGb 761).Rats were orally administrated with different drugs 24 h after operation for up to 14 days, once a day.The effect of active components of Xiaoxuming decoction on behavior changes of MCAO rats in different recovery period was evaluated by a series of behavioral assessent methods such as modified neurological severity scores and cor-ner test.The infarct volume was observed by TTC stai-ning.Moreover, the contents of MDA and the activities of GSH-Px, SOD and NOS in the penumbra and core tissues of rat brain were detected by spectrophotometric method.Results Compared with the I/R model group, the active components group of XXMD could significantly alleviate the neurological deficit scores with prolonged administration . The motion function tended to be normal , stayed longer on the balance beam, sensory function gradually restored sensitivity , reduced the radio of turning to the right .Among them , compared with model group , the active components of XXMD could effectively improve the neurological dys-function after five days of administration ( P<0.05, P<0.01).Meanwhile, the active components of Xiaox-uming decoction could significantly reduce the infarct volume percentage in the cerebral tissue on post opera-tion day 5 and 14(P<0.01).In addition, the active components of XXMD could reduce the content of MDA and the activity of NOS , increase the activity of SOD and GSH-Px.Conclusion The active components of XXMD can generate neuroprotective effect in early stage of recovery and may play a major role in regula-ting the level of oxidative stress in rat brain .