Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, it has become an important cause of end-stage renal disease, which seriously threatens the life and health of patients and aggravates the medical burden of society. The dysfunction of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the progression of DKD, and the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane (MAM) is the core hub of the dynamic interaction between the two. Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis affect the pathological process of DKD. This article systematically reviews the multiple molecular mechanisms of MAM in the occurrence and development of DKD, reveals its involvement in the fine regulatory network of kidney injury by regulating calcium ion (Ca2+) balance, glucose metabolism, inflammatory response and autophagy, and clarifies how MAM dysfunction drives the transformation of DKD into end-stage renal disease. In addition, this article deeply explores the potential of MAM-related biomarkers in early diagnosis, as well as innovative therapeutic strategies such as drug intervention and gene repair targeting MAM, which provides theoretical references for basic mechanism research and clinical practice of DKD.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, it has become an important cause of end-stage renal disease, which seriously threatens the life and health of patients and aggravates the medical burden of society. The dysfunction of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the progression of DKD, and the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane (MAM) is the core hub of the dynamic interaction between the two. Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis affect the pathological process of DKD. This article systematically reviews the multiple molecular mechanisms of MAM in the occurrence and development of DKD, reveals its involvement in the fine regulatory network of kidney injury by regulating calcium ion (Ca2+) balance, glucose metabolism, inflammatory response and autophagy, and clarifies how MAM dysfunction drives the transformation of DKD into end-stage renal disease. In addition, this article deeply explores the potential of MAM-related biomarkers in early diagnosis, as well as innovative therapeutic strategies such as drug intervention and gene repair targeting MAM, which provides theoretical references for basic mechanism research and clinical practice of DKD.

Aim To investigate the protective effect of dimethyl fumarate on spleen injury induced by gamma radiation in mice and the related mechanism. Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the blank control group, radiation model group and DMF administration group, which were administered once at 12 h before irradiation and once at 0. 5 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after irradiation. The 30-day survival rate, body weight and pathological injury of spleen were measured after a one-time total body irradiation of Co 7 rays (8 Gy). TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis of spleen cells. Enzyme-linked immunoassay ( ELISA) was applied to detect the contents of TNF-a, IL-1 p, IL-6, IL-18, NLRP3 and AIM2 in spleen. Western blot test and immunofluorescence staining test was employed to verify the changes of NLRP3 and AIM2 contents in spleen tissue after irradiation. Results DMF could obviously improve the survival rate of irradiated mice, improve the weight loss of irradiated mice, re-duce the pathological injury of spleen, and inhibit the apoptosis of spleen cells after irradiation. ELISA results showed that DMF could significantly inhibit the increase of spleen inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-lp, IL-6, IL-18 and inflammasome components NL-RP3 and AIM2 induced by irradiation. Western blot and tissue immunofluorescence staining also confirmed that DMF could inhibit the increase of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome protein levels caused by irradiation. Meanwhile, NLRP3 agonist and AIM2 agonist could antagonize the radiation protection effect of DMF on spleen cells. Conclusion DMF can ameliorate spleen injury of Co 7-ray injured mice, and its mechanism is closely related to NLRP3/AIM2 inflamma-somes, which can be used as a potential protective drug for radiation injury.

Due to the high similarity with the lipid layer between human skin keratinocytes, functional cosmetics with layered liquid crystal structure prepared by liquid crystal emulsification technology encapsulating natural active substances have become a hot research topic in recent years. This type of functional cosmetic often has a fresh and natural skin feel, excellent skin barrier repair function and efficient moisturizing effect, etc., showing great potential in cosmetic application. However, the present research on the application of liquid crystal emulsification technology to functional cosmetics is still in the initial stage, and there are fewer relevant reports with reference values. Based on the mentioned above, this review provides a comprehensive summary of functional cosmetics with layered liquid crystal structures prepared by liquid crystal emulsification technology from the following aspects: the structure of human skin, the composition of lamellar liquid crystal, the advantages of liquid crystal emulsification technology containing natural active substances used in the field of functional cosmetics, the preparation process, main components, influencing factors during the preparation and the market functional cosmetics with lamellar liquid crystal structure. Finally, the prospect of the application of liquid crystal emulsification technology in functional cosmetics is presented, to provide useful references for those engaged in the research of liquid crystal emulsification technology-related functional cosmetics.

Objective:To investigate the status of medical care seeking delay and diagnosis delay of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients in Tongzhou District and Changping District of Beijing, analyze the related factors and put forward suggestions for early detection and scientific management of PTB patients.Methods:A retrospective epidemiological survey was conducted to collect the incidence data of PTB registered in Tongzhou and Changping from January 1 to December 31, 2021 by using the Chinese Tuberculosis Information Management System, and telephone interview were used for information supplement. Multivariate logistic regression model and decision tree model were used to analyze the influencing factors of medical care seeking delay and diagnosis delay of PTB patients.Results:In 2021, the medical care seeking delay time M( Q1, Q3) in the PTB patients in Tongzhou and Changping was 11 (5, 26) days, with a delay rate of 41.71%. Results from multivariate logistic regression model analysis revealed that factors influencing the medical care seeking delay included regular health check-up ( OR=0.033, 95% CI: 0.008-0.147), coughing for less than 2 weeks or showing any symptom of PTB before medical care seeking ( OR=0.378, 95% CI: 0.215-0.665), showing other symptoms before medical care seeking( OR=2.791, 95% CI: 1.710-4.555), no work or school in medical care seeking ( OR=2.990, 95% CI: 1.419-6.298). The diagnosis delay time M( Q1, Q3) in the PTB patients was 8 (0, 18) days, with a delay rate of 35.20%. Multivariate logistic regression model analysis revealed that the factors influencing the diagnosis delay of PTB included being diagnosed at a specialized tuberculosis hospital ( OR=0.426, 95% CI: 0.236-0.767) or a tuberculosis prevention and control institution ( OR=1.843, 95% CI: 1.061-3.202) and being traced as a source of infection ( OR=2.632, 95% CI: 1.062-6.521). The overall performance of the multivariate logistic regression model was comparable to that of the decision tree model, with the decision tree model exhibiting higher sensitivity but lower specificity. Conclusions:The medical care seeking delay rate and diagnosis delay rate of tuberculosis in Tongzhou and Changping were at low levels in 2021. However, it is still necessary to strengthen the health education and active screening, improve the public awareness of PTB prevention and control, and further improve the level of medical services and medical access to reduce the medical care seeking delay and diagnosis delay of PTB patients.

Aim To investigate the radio-protective effect of schisandrol B(Sol B)underlying mechanism in alleviating gastrointestinal(GI)toxicity and intesti-nal damage induced by irradiation(IR)exposure dur-ing radiotherapy against abdominal and pelvic malig-nancies or the nuclear accident.Methods The mouse intestinal injury model was established through 4Gy ir-radiation.Immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence staining,ELISA were used to measure DNA damage,apoptosis,inflammatory reaction,and oxidative stress in the intestine of mice after irradiation.The protective effect of Sol B on intestines injury was evaluated,and the mechanism of the related oxidative stress and in-flammatory response pathway was discussed.Results Sol B significantly improved the survival rates of intes-tinal cells upon IR exposure.The accumulation of DNA damage,apoptosis rate,and inflammatory factors in intestinal tissues were significantly inhibited.The decreased levels of ZO-1 and occludin induced IR inju-ry were rescued by Sol B,indicating the improvement of intestinal structure.The radio-protective activities of Sol B were involved in the stimulation of Nrf2 and the subsequent ferroptosis surveillance.Conclusion Sol B demonstrates a promising agent to ease intestinal in-jury during radiotherapy or nuclear accidents,in which GPX4 related ferroptosis surveillance mediated by Nrf2 is involved in the radio-protective effect of Sol B.

Traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome (TSOFS) is a symptom complex caused by nerve entrapment in the supraorbital fissure after skull base trauma. If the compressed cranial nerve in the supraorbital fissure is not decompressed surgically, ptosis, diplopia and eye movement disorder may exist for a long time and seriously affect the patients′ quality of life. Since its overall incidence is not high, it is not familiarized with the majority of neurosurgeons and some TSOFS may be complicated with skull base vascular injury. If the supraorbital fissure surgery is performed without treatment of vascular injury, it may cause massive hemorrhage, and disability and even life-threatening in severe cases. At present, there is no consensus or guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS that can be referred to both domestically and internationally. To improve the understanding of TSOFS among clinical physicians and establish standardized diagnosis and treatment plans, the Skull Base Trauma Group of the Neurorepair Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Neurosurgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Traumatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome ( version 2024) based on evidence of evidence-based medicine and clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment. This consensus puts forward 12 recommendations on the diagnosis, classification, treatment, efficacy evaluation and follow-up of TSOFS, aiming to provide references for neurosurgeons from hospitals of all levels to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS.

Objective:To investigate the value of CT quantitative parameters of tumor and spleen in predicting the clinical stage of gastric cancer (Ⅰ/Ⅱ stage and Ⅲ/Ⅳ stage).Methods:This study was a case-control study. The data of 145 patients with gastric cancer confirmed by pathology in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from February 2019 to June 2021 were retrospectively collected, including 70 cases of Ⅰ/Ⅱ stage and 75 cases of Ⅲ/Ⅳ stage. On the baseline CT images, the tumor related parameters, including tumor thickness, length of tumor, CT attenuation of tumor unenhanced phase, CT attenuation of tumor arterial phase, CT attenuation of tumor venous phase were measured. The spleen related parameters, including splenic thickness, CT attenuation of splenic unenhanced phase, CT attenuation of splenic arterial phase, CT attenuation of splenic venous phase, and standard deviation of CT attenuation (CTsd) in splenic unenhanced phase were also measured. The independent sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the parameters between the Ⅰ/Ⅱ stage and Ⅲ/Ⅳ stage patients. The multi-factor logistic regression analysis was used to find the independent predictors of gastric cancer clinical stage, and establish the combined parameters. The efficiency to the diagnosis of gastric cancer stage of single and combined parameters was evaluated using the operating characteristic curve, and the DeLong test was used to compare the differences of area under the curve (AUC). Results:There were significant differences in tumor thickness, length of tumor, CT attenuation of tumor venous phase, CT attenuation of splenic unenhanced phase, CT attenuation of splenic venous phase, CTsd in splenic unenhanced phase between the Ⅰ/Ⅱ stage and Ⅲ/Ⅳ stage of gastric cancer ( P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor thickness ( OR=1.073, 95% CI 1.026-1.123, P=0.002), CT attenuation of splenic venous phase ( OR=1.040, 95% CI 1.011-1.070, P=0.006) and CTsd in splenic unenhanced phase ( OR=1.625, 95% CI 1.330-1.987, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for the clinical stage of gastric cancer and the combined parameters were established. The AUC values of tumor thickness, CT attenuation of splenic venous phase, CTsd in splenic unenhanced phase and combined parameters were 0.655, 0.614, 0.749 and 0.806, respectively. The AUC of combined parameters was higher than those of tumor thickness and CT attenuation of splenic venous phase, and the differences were statistically significant ( Z=3.37, 3.82, both P<0.001). Conclusion:Tumor thickness, CT attenuation of splenic venous phase and CTsd in splenic unenhanced phase are independent risk factors for the clinical stage of gastric cancer, and combined parameters can improve the diagnostic efficiency.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical application of urine sediment score (USS) in early diagnosis, etiological differentiation, staging and prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI), and to investigate the diagnostic efficacy of independent USS and its combination with blood urea nitrogen(Bun) serum creatinine(sCr) and uric acid(UA) in AKI.Methods:From August 23 to September 28, 2023, 9 020 morning urine samples of hospitalized patients in the First Hospital of Jilin University were detected by Sysmex UF5000.A total of 3 226 ssamples with small and round cell (SRC) > 1/μl and/or CAST>1/μl were screened for microscopic examination, and 404 cases with positive renal tubular epithelial cells and/or cast were enrolled in this study. There were 218 males and 186 females, aged 59.5 (49.0, 71.0) years. The 404 cases were divided into the USS AKI group (345 cases) and the USS non-AKI group (59 cases) according to the USS results based on the microscopic findings. According to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria, they were divided into KDIGO criteria AKI group (63 cases) and KDIGO criteria non-AKI group (341 cases), and the AKI group was divided into renal AKI group (33 cases) and non-renal AKI group (30 cases). According to the clinical diagnosis recorded in the medical records, they were divided into clinically diagnosed AKI group (29 cases) and clinically diagnosed non-AKI group (375 cases).The χ 2 test or Fisher exact test was used to compare USS in different AKI causes and stages. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio of renal AKI and stage 3 AKI. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of USS, sCr, UA and Bun alone and in combination in the diagnosis of AKI, and the best cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of AKI were calculated. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:The USS was used to identify the etiology of KDIGO standard AKI group,and there were significant differences in USS between renal AKI group and non-renal AKI group (χ 2=11.070, P<0.001). Compared to USS=1, the odds ratio of renal AKI was 8.125 when USS≥2 (95% CI 2.208—29.901). There was a statistically significant difference in the comparison of USS between groups in each stage of the AKI staging study based on USS (χ 2=15.724, P<0.05). Compared to USS=1, the odds ratio of stage 3 AKI was 9.714 when USS≥2 (95% CI 1.145-82.390). The AUC of independent USS in the diagnosis of AKI was 0.687 (95% CI 0.618-0.757, P<0.001), the specificity was 65.7% and the sensitivity was 61.9%. The AUC of USS combined with Bun, sCr, UA in the diagnosis of AKI was 0.794 (95% CI 0.608-0.980, P<0.05), the specificity was 82.4%, and the sensitivity was 88.9%. Conclusions:There wasan increased likelihood of renal AKI or stage 3 AKI while USS≥2,and whose combination with Bun, sCr and UA will improve the diagnostic efficiency of AKI.

On the basis of the qualitative preparation quality markers of Zhibao Sanbian Wan (ZBSBW), we screened out the quantitative markers and evaluated the content consistency of ZBSBW. A method capable of simultaneously determining 34 compounds in ZBSBW was established based on HPLC-MS/MS, and 16 batches of ZBSBW were simultaneously analyzed by this method. Furthermore, we explored a general strategy for analyzing the component migration in preparation, plasma, brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. The methodological investigation was confirmed by linear range, recovery (85.10%-105.07%), precision (RSD: 1.37%-4.58%), stability, and repeatability (3.00%-12.45%), the established method was suitable for the detection and quantification of the compounds in ZBSBW. The contents of compounds in ZBSBW were all lower than 1 mg·g^-1, and the contents and daily dose of nystose were the highest, followed by echinacoside, paeoniflorin, osthole and paeonol. The results of systematic clustering showed that the contents were consistent for ordinary preparations of ZBSBW. The principal component analysis showed that the components of berberine, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, pinoresinol diglucoside and tenuifolin had large variation, which contributed significantly to the grouping. The contents of echinacoside, verbascoside, polygalaxanthone Ⅲ, β-ecdysterone, osthole, alisol B 23-acetate, liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid were stable from batch to batch. The animal experiment results showed that osthole, paeonol and liquiritin in ZBSBW could be absorbed into the blood and enter the brain tissue by passing through the blood-brain barrier. All animal studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (No. 2020B071). The above compounds contributed the quantitative preparation quality markers of ZBSBW. In conclusion, the HPLC-MS/MS method established in this study was sensitive, accurate and rapid, and could be used for simultaneous quantification of 34 compounds and content consistency evaluation of multiple batches of preparations in ZBSBW. The result provided a methodological basis for the screening of quantitative preparation quality markers and material basis research of ZBSBW.