Color is an important indicator for evaluating the ornamental traits of horticultural plants, and plant pigments is a key factor affecting the color phenotype of plants. Plant pigments and their metabolites play important roles in color formation of ornamental organs, regulation of plant growth and development, and response to adversity stress. It has therefore became a hot topic in the field of plant research. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a vital genomics tool that specifically reduces host endogenous gene expression utilizing plant homology-dependent defense mechanisms. In addition, VIGS enables characterization of gene function by rapidly inducing the gene-silencing phenotypes in plants. It provides an efficient and feasible alternative for verifying gene function in plant species lacking genetic transformation systems. This paper reviews the current status of the application of VIGS technology in the biosynthesis, degradation and regulatory mechanisms of plant pigments. Moreover, this review discusses the potential and future prospects of VIGS technology in exploring the regulatory mechanisms of plant pigments, with the aim to further our understandings of the metabolic processes and regulatory mechanisms of different plant pigments as well as improving plant color traits.
Plant Viruses/genetics* ; Plants/genetics* ; Gene Silencing ; Plant Development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genetic Vectors

BACKGROUND: To compare the efficacy and safety of dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin plus rituximab (DA-EPOCH-R) with standard rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) in Waldeyer's ring diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (WR-DLBCL) at a single institution. METHODS: This retrospective study included 115 newly diagnosed patients with WR-DLBCL, of whom 68 patients received R-CHOP, and 47 patients received DA-EPOCH-R as their first-line treatment. The baseline features of the two groups were well balanced using a 1:1 propensity score matching method, and a total of 84 cases were obtained, including respective 42 cases in the R-CHOP and DA-EPOCH-R groups, for further survival and prognosis analysis. The primary objectives included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 45 months, there were nine (21.4%) deaths in the R-CHOP group and two (4.8%) in the DA-EPOCH-R group. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed statistically significant improvements in PFS and OS in patients with DA-EPOCH-R compared with those treated with R-CHOP (log-rank test, P  = 0.025 and P  = 0.035, respectively). The 2-year PFS and OS rates in the DA-EPOCH-R group were 90.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 81.4-99.8%) and 95.2% (95% CI: 89.0-100.0%), respectively, and 80.5% (95% CI: 69.3-93.6%) and 90.5% (95% CI: 52.8-99.8%) in the R-CHOP group. Patients without B symptoms and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels had a higher PFS in the DA-EPOCH-R group, with P values of 0.038 (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01-0.88) and 0.042 (HR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04-0.94), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical responses and treatment-related toxicities between the two groups. CONCLUSION Compared with patients received R-CHOP, those treated by DA-EPOCH-R had superior PFS, OS, and controlled toxicity in patients with WR-DLBCL.
Humans ; Rituximab/therapeutic use* ; Vincristine/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Prednisone/therapeutic use* ; Etoposide/therapeutic use* ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use* ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy* ; Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use* ; Doxorubicin/therapeutic use*

Hypertrophic scar is the most common scar in clinic. Due to its high incidence, high rate of relapse and difficulty of complete removal, it has always been a big problem in burn and plastic surgery. In recent years, some scholars have found that botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) can inhibit scar hyperplasia by reducing the tension around the wound, inhibiting the proliferation of fibroblasts, promoting their apoptosis, promoting the degradation of collagen fibers, reducing wound angiogenesis, reducing inflammation around the wound and other mechanisms. BTX-A has fewer adverse reactions and high safety. Additionally, its effect combined with triamcinolone acetonide and laser in treating scars is significant. Therefore, it has been widely used in the treatment of hypertrophic scars. In this paper, the research progress of BTX-A in the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scar were reviewed in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of hypertrophic scar.

Hypertrophic scar is the most common scar in the clinic. Due to its high incidence, high rate of recurrence, and difficulty of complete removal, it has always been a major problem in the department of burn and plastic surgery. In recent years, some scholars have found that botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) can inhibit scar hyperplasia by reducing the tension around the wound, inhibiting the proliferation of fibroblasts, promoting their apoptosis, promoting the degradation of collagen fibers, reducing wound angiogenesis, reducing inflammation around the wound and other mechanisms. BTX-A has fewer adverse reactions and high safety. Additionally, its effect combined with triamcinolone acetonide and laser in treating scars is significant. Therefore, it has been widely used in the treatment of hypertrophic scars. In this paper, the research progress of BTX-A in the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scar was reviewed in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of hypertrophic scar.

Hypertrophic scar is the most common scar in clinic. Due to its high incidence, high rate of relapse and difficulty of complete removal, it has always been a big problem in burn and plastic surgery. In recent years, some scholars have found that botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) can inhibit scar hyperplasia by reducing the tension around the wound, inhibiting the proliferation of fibroblasts, promoting their apoptosis, promoting the degradation of collagen fibers, reducing wound angiogenesis, reducing inflammation around the wound and other mechanisms. BTX-A has fewer adverse reactions and high safety. Additionally, its effect combined with triamcinolone acetonide and laser in treating scars is significant. Therefore, it has been widely used in the treatment of hypertrophic scars. In this paper, the research progress of BTX-A in the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scar were reviewed in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of hypertrophic scar.

Hypertrophic scar is the most common scar in the clinic. Due to its high incidence, high rate of recurrence, and difficulty of complete removal, it has always been a major problem in the department of burn and plastic surgery. In recent years, some scholars have found that botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) can inhibit scar hyperplasia by reducing the tension around the wound, inhibiting the proliferation of fibroblasts, promoting their apoptosis, promoting the degradation of collagen fibers, reducing wound angiogenesis, reducing inflammation around the wound and other mechanisms. BTX-A has fewer adverse reactions and high safety. Additionally, its effect combined with triamcinolone acetonide and laser in treating scars is significant. Therefore, it has been widely used in the treatment of hypertrophic scars. In this paper, the research progress of BTX-A in the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scar was reviewed in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of hypertrophic scar.

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of acupuncture treatment based on Tiaoshen theory for the patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and depression with liver-stomach disharmony syndrome. Methods:A total of 76 FD patients from May 2018 to August 2019 were randomly divided into 2 groups with 38 patients in each group. In the routine group, acupoints were selected routinely, and in Tiaoshen group, acupoints were selected by Tiaoshen theory. Both groups were treated for 28 days. The results were evaluated by Nepean Dyspepsia Index (NDI), TCM Syndrome Score and Hamilton Depression Scale-24 (HAMD-24). Results:The total effective rate of both groups was 94.6% (35/37) in Tiaoshen group and 75.0% (27/36) in routine group. There was significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=6.125, P=0.011). The NDI in Tiaoshen group was significantly lower than that of routine group ( t=3.038, P=0.003). The scores of interference domain, control domain, food and beverage domain and sleep disturbance domain in Tiaoshen group were significantly higher than those in routine group ( t=3.096, 2.460, 2.225, 2.732, P<0.05); the TCM Syndrome Score in Tiaoshen group was significantly lower than that of routine group ( t=3.241, P=0.002), and that of HAMD-24 was significantly lower than that of routine group ( t=2.767, P=0.007). Conclusion:Treatment based on Tiaoshen theory can improve the quality of life of FD patients in the fields of interference, control, food and beverage and sleep disturbance, and reduce the patients’depression.

OBJECTIVE：To compare cli nical effect and safety of different doses of Xuebijing injection combined with Ulinastatin injection in the treatment of sepsis complicated with acute lung injury （ALI）. METHODS ：Totally 115 patients diagnosed as sepsis complicated with ALI were collected from Jul. 2015 to Nov. 2019 in intensive care unit of our hospital. According to therapy method ，the patients were divided into control group （26 cases），low-dose group （29 cases），medium-dose group（30 cases），high-dose group （30 cases）. The control group received Ulinastatin injection 300 thousands u intravenously ，q8 h， for consecutive 5 days，on the basis of routine treatment. On the basis of control group ，low-dose group additionally received intravenous drip of Xuebijing injection 50 mL，bid，for consecutive 7 days；medium-dose group additionally received intravenous drip of Xuebijing injection 100 mL，bid，for consecutive 7 days；high-dose group additionally received intravenous drip of Xuebijing injection 100 mL，qid，for consecutive 7 days. The serum inflammatory factors （IL-6，TNF-α，CRP），respiratory function indexes （PaO2，PaO2/FiO2，ELWI）and related scores （APACEⅡ score and SOFA score ）were compared among 4 groups before and after treatment ，and mechanical ventilation time ，ICU hospitalization time ，28-day mortality rate and adverse reactions during the treatment were recorded. RESULTS ：Before treatment ，there was no statistical significance in serum inflammatory factors，respiratory function indexes or related scores among 4 groups（P＞0.05）. After treatment ，serum inflammatory factors ， ELWI and related scores of 4 groups were decreased significantly ；the low-dose ，medium-dose and high-dose groups were significantly lower than the control group ；the high-dose group was significantly lower than the low-dose and medium-dose groups （P＜0.05）. PaO 2 and PaO 2/FiO2 of 4 groups were increased significantly ，compared with before treatment ；the low-dose ， medium-dose and high-dose groups were significantly higher than the control group ；the high-dose group was significantly higher than the low-dose and medium-dose groups （P＜0.05）. The mechanical ventilation time and ICU hospitalization time in the low-dose，medium-dose and high-dose groups were significantly shorter than control group （P＜0.05），but there was no statistical significance in above indexes among different doses groups （P＞0.05）. There was no statistical significance in 28-day mortality among 4 groups（P＞0.05），and no serious adverse reactions were found. CONCLUSIONS ：Different doses of Xuebijing injection combined with Ulinastatin injection could effectively decrease the level of serum inflammatory factors in patients with sepsis complicated with ALI ，improve lung function and relieve the degree of organ failure ；after combined with high-dose Xuebijing injection，the therapeutic effect is more obvious and does not affect the treatment safety.

Objective:This study aims to explore the potential effects of adipose-derived stem cell-extracellular vesicles(ASC-EVs) on TGFβ-Smad signaling pathway during myofibroblast trans-differentiation in vitro. Methods:ASCs were isolated from liposuction and flow cytometry was used to detect the surface protein markers. ASC-EVs were isolated from the supernatant of the third to fifth generation ASCs, and the microscopic morphology was observed by transmission electron microscope. The particle size distribution was detected by nano-particle tracking analyzer NanoSight and the membrane surface marker proteins CD63, Alix and TSG101 were detected by flow cytometry. The uptake of EVs by dermal fibroblasts co-cultured with PKH67 fluorescence labeled ASC-EVs was observed by confocal microscope. Dermal fibroblasts were continuously induced by TGFβ1 for five days, and ASC-EVs at the dose of 50 and 100 μg/ml were added. The expression of α-SMA and Smad-2/3/4 were detected by immunofluorescence staining, RT-PCR and Western Blot.Results:The results of flow cytometry showed that the surface markers CD73, CD49d, CD90 and CD105 of the third generation ASCs, were positive, and CD34 and CD45 were negative. Under transmission electron microscope, ASC-EVs was a round membranous vesicle with clear edge and surrounded by bilayer phospholipid membrane. The particle size of more than 95% of the ASC-EVs was distributed between 30 nm to 261 nm, with an average of (166.0±86.1)nm. The specific marker proteins of extracellular vesicle, CD63, Alix and TSG101 were highly expressed. Under confocal microscope, ASC-EVs with green fluorescence were uptake by dermal fibroblasts and distributed in the cytoplasm, and part of ASC-EVs was distributed around the nucleus.TGF-β1 induced a significant increase in the expression of α-SMA in dermal fibroblasts, and the addition of 50 or 100 μg/ml ASC-EVs reduced the expression of α-SMA genes and proteins, but did not show a dose-dependent manner. The gene and protein expression changes of Smad-2/3/4 were consistent with α-SMA. In addition, ASC-EVs could significantly reduced the content of type Ⅰ collagen in the supernatant, but had no significant effect on the secretion of type Ⅲ collagen.Conclusions:The mechanism of ASC-EVs inhibiting scar hyperplasia may be closely related to the suppression of TGF-β-Smad signaling pathway in dermal fibroblasts, inhibition of myofibroblast trans-differentiation and reduction of type Ⅰ collagen secretion.

Objective:This study aims to explore the potential effects of adipose-derived stem cell-extracellular vesicles(ASC-EVs) on TGFβ-Smad signaling pathway during myofibroblast trans-differentiation in vitro. Methods:ASCs were isolated from liposuction and flow cytometry was used to detect the surface protein markers. ASC-EVs were isolated from the supernatant of the third to fifth generation ASCs, and the microscopic morphology was observed by transmission electron microscope. The particle size distribution was detected by nano-particle tracking analyzer NanoSight and the membrane surface marker proteins CD63, Alix and TSG101 were detected by flow cytometry. The uptake of EVs by dermal fibroblasts co-cultured with PKH67 fluorescence labeled ASC-EVs was observed by confocal microscope. Dermal fibroblasts were continuously induced by TGFβ1 for five days, and ASC-EVs at the dose of 50 and 100 μg/ml were added. The expression of α-SMA and Smad-2/3/4 were detected by immunofluorescence staining, RT-PCR and Western Blot.Results:The results of flow cytometry showed that the surface markers CD73, CD49d, CD90 and CD105 of the third generation ASCs, were positive, and CD34 and CD45 were negative. Under transmission electron microscope, ASC-EVs was a round membranous vesicle with clear edge and surrounded by bilayer phospholipid membrane. The particle size of more than 95% of the ASC-EVs was distributed between 30 nm to 261 nm, with an average of (166.0±86.1)nm. The specific marker proteins of extracellular vesicle, CD63, Alix and TSG101 were highly expressed. Under confocal microscope, ASC-EVs with green fluorescence were uptake by dermal fibroblasts and distributed in the cytoplasm, and part of ASC-EVs was distributed around the nucleus.TGF-β1 induced a significant increase in the expression of α-SMA in dermal fibroblasts, and the addition of 50 or 100 μg/ml ASC-EVs reduced the expression of α-SMA genes and proteins, but did not show a dose-dependent manner. The gene and protein expression changes of Smad-2/3/4 were consistent with α-SMA. In addition, ASC-EVs could significantly reduced the content of type Ⅰ collagen in the supernatant, but had no significant effect on the secretion of type Ⅲ collagen.Conclusions:The mechanism of ASC-EVs inhibiting scar hyperplasia may be closely related to the suppression of TGF-β-Smad signaling pathway in dermal fibroblasts, inhibition of myofibroblast trans-differentiation and reduction of type Ⅰ collagen secretion.