Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), a series of cardiovascular diseases based on atherosclerosis, has attracted more clinical attention. However, with the increase of population-based research results, the diagnostic value of traditional blood lipid parameters such as low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is showing limitations. In recent years, a large number of studies have confirmed that small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) has lower affinity with low-density lipoprotein receptor, longer circulation time and easier to penetrate arterial endothelium, so it has stronger atherogenic effect. Therefore, we summarize the common detection methods of sdLDL-C, the research progress of the correlation between sdLDL-C and ASCVD risk, as well as the intervention measures and influencing factors of sdLDL-C level, in order to deepen the clinician′s understanding of the role of sdLDL-C in ASCVD and achieve the early prevention, early detection and early diagnosis of chronic atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), a series of cardiovascular diseases based on atherosclerosis, has attracted more clinical attention. However, with the increase of population-based research results, the diagnostic value of traditional blood lipid parameters such as low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is showing limitations. In recent years, a large number of studies have confirmed that small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) has lower affinity with low-density lipoprotein receptor, longer circulation time and easier to penetrate arterial endothelium, so it has stronger atherogenic effect. Therefore, we summarize the common detection methods of sdLDL-C, the research progress of the correlation between sdLDL-C and ASCVD risk, as well as the intervention measures and influencing factors of sdLDL-C level, in order to deepen the clinician′s understanding of the role of sdLDL-C in ASCVD and achieve the early prevention, early detection and early diagnosis of chronic atherosclerosis.

Objective To learn the investigators′ satisfaction with CRCs and to identify the shortcomings with the CRC industry or institutional management for improvement. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 120 clinical trial investigators at three tertiary general hospitals in January 2018. The questionnaire covered the basics, satisfaction with CRC, and comments of the investigator on other works of the CRC. The data acquired were subject to descriptive analysis, and the count data comparison method was Fisher precise test. Results The investigators were satisfied with CRCs in general. Specifically, their satisfaction with the " sense of responsibility" , " work hours" , and " command of GCP protocols"ranged 72.6% to 83.2% . That with " initiative" , " work stability" , and " rich clinical trial experience" fell below 60.0%. Affiliation of CRCs was correlated to "initiative"(P=0.007), and "command of clinical trial schemes and trial procedures" ( P =0.043), while investigators′ satisfaction with CRCs of uncertain affiliation fell significantly. Investigators′ experience was correlated to the " command of GCP protocols" of CRCs(P=0.035 ), as the more experienced the investigator, the less their satisfaction with the CRC. Conclusions Hospitals are expected to build a CRC standardized training system and hierarchical certification system; to standardize their CRC recruitment mechanism for overall management; to enhance their budgeting capability for sufficient CRC expenses, higher investigator efficiency and assured clinical trial quality.