Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors that affect the dietary behavior of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by examining their sociodemographic characteristics, diabetes-related characteristics, and treatment self-regulation. Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between August and September 2019 at the Hypertension and Diabetes Registration Management Center in South Korea. Data were collected from 109 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis. Results: Among the investigated variables(nutrition education experience, the number of nutrition education sessions, alcohol consumption, autonomous motivation, externally controlled motivation, and amotivation), the number of nutrition education sessions (β=.19, p=.041), alcohol consumption (yes) (β=-.22, p=.014), and autonomous motivation (β=.21, p=.029) influenced patients’ dietary behavior. These factors explained approximately 12% of the total variance. Conclusion To improve the dietary behavior of patients with type 2 diabetes, it is crucial to boost their motivation, implement policies on alcohol consumption, and provide ongoing education on nutrition tailored to their needs.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an obesity program developed to solve ‘obesity’, which was selected as the top priority for urgent improvement among the dietary problems of elementary school students in Busan. The program aimed to practice four health rules every day (sleep early, eat two vegetables with each meal, reduce sugary snacks, and exercise for 30 minutes every day). The participants were trained to practice the four rules online in real time every day for three weeks, and their performance in nutrition education tasks was monitored using Padlet. The anthropometric measurements showed no change in the overall average weight before and after participating in the program, but all students grew in height (z=–6.978, P＜0.001), and the number of obese students decreased significantly (z=–3.317, P＜0.001). This obesity program was effective in improving height growth and obesity in elementary school students. In terms of dietary changes, after participating in the program, the frequency of vegetable consumption increased significantly (z= –4.849, P＜0.001), the frequency of sweet snack consumption decreased significantly (z=–4.298, P＜0.001), and the bedtime improved (z=–1.000). Therefore, the non-face-to-face, self-directed obesity program developed in this study is expected to reduce the workload of nutrition teachers carrying a heavy workload such as meal service and nutrition classes, and can be used as an efficient nutrition counseling program.

In this study, the authors surveyed the dietary habits of all elementary school students registered with the Busan Metropolitan City Office of Education using an online questionnaire called the Dietary Screening Test (DST). The DST consists of 36 items, and these were divided into 5 factors: life rhythm, meal quality, eating development, eating temperament characteristics, and eating habit characteristics. Data were collected from 153,017 students attending 304 schools in Busan, and the responses of 4,020 were included in the analysis.The study was undertaken to document growth and development and diagnose nutrition and dietary problems to provide basic data for the development of customized nutrition education and counseling programs. Results showed that 13.5% and 14.3% of participants were classified as overweight or required weight management for obesity, respectively; 6.7% were underweight. Additionally, 37.0% and 9.5% of children required parental attention at bedtime and sleeping hours, and 14.2% ate too quickly or too slowly. Furthermore, food group consumptions were unbalanced, 25.0% and 64.4% of participants ate grains and protein less than twice a day, respectively, and 72.3% and 74.5% ate kimchi and vegetables less than twice a day, respectively. In contrast, 28.8% of respondents consumed sweet snacks daily or 5∼6 times weekly. These findings highlight the need for a standardized school nutrition counseling manual and individually customized nutrition counseling programs to address the nutrition and dietary problems of elementary school students in Busan.

Purpose: Childhood obesity has become a social problem due to the social distancing necessitated by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This study aimed to identify the dietary problems of obese children through various dietary assessment methods and to confirm the usefulness of each method. Methods: The subjects were 88 students in the 4th to 6th grade of elementary school who participated in the nutrition camp organised by the Busan Metropolitan Office of Education, 2020. To evaluate dietary problems and assess diet quality, 24-hour meal records, monthly food intake frequency, and Dietary Screening Test (DST) data were analyzed. Results: Of the subjects, 15.7%, 30.3%, and 53.9% were normal weight, overweight, and obese, respectively. The average age was 11.77 ± 0.77 years and the average body mass index was 23.96 ± 3.01 kg/m 2 . It was observed from the 24-hour meal record method that the overweight and obese subject groups consumed fewer green vegetables (p < 0.001) and white vegetables (p < 0.01) than the normal weight group. In the monthly food intake frequency method, the consumption of ramen (p < 0.01), snacks (p < 0.05), and sausages (p < 0.05) were high in the obese group, and that of anchovies, broccoli, and sweet pumpkin was high in the normal group (p < 0.05). The comparative data from the DST revealed that the overweight and obese groups had less vegetable intake than the normal weight group (p < 0.01) and had higher intakes of dairy products, fast food, and sweet snacks (p < 0.05). Conclusion The usefulness of each method in the dietary evaluation of obese children was confirmed. To address the problem of obesity, it is necessary to evaluate the dietary problem and approach it with a customized solution tailor-made for the individual subject.

This study was undertaken to analyze the growth, nutritional, and dietary risk factors of elementary school students belonging to the Busan Metropolitan City Office of Education and provide the basic data needed to develop an underweight and obesity prevention program. In 2021, BMI and Dietary Screening Test (DST) data of 4,046 children surveyed by the Nutrition Education Experience Center’s “Diagnosis System” of the Busan Regional Office of Education were analyzed. The DST consists of 36 questions about lifestyle habits, meal quality, meal regularity, snack quality, and eating behavior. Of the children included, 6.8% were underweight, 65.4% were normal weight, 13.4% were overweight, and 14.4% were obese. Children in the obesity group had shorter sleep and meal times (P＜0.001), lower vegetable and fruit consumption frequencies (P＜0.001), higher fast food consumption frequencies (P＜0.001), higher rates of skipping meals (P＜0.01) and breakfast (P＜0.001), and more frequently used smartphones and watched TV during meals (P＜0.001). The underweight group had the highest scores for all eating development factors but more frequently had chewing and swallowing difficulties (P＜0.001). The study confirms underweightedness and obesity are present different problems and indicates that nutrition teachers should conduct accurate studies on the eating habits and behaviors of obese and underweight students and provide individually tailored nutritional counseling.

This fact sheet was used to analyze the trends in the number of amputees within the population and changes in their health-related behaviors since 2011. Data from the National Survey of Disabled Persons in Korea from 2011 to 2020 were used in this study. The cases of amputation among people with disabilities have increased. Although there were more upper extremity amputations than lower extremity amputations, as amputations below the wrist account for a greater proportion in South Korea than in other countries, the number of upper extremity amputations decreased and lower extremity amputations increased. The most common cause of amputation is accidents, followed by diseases and congenital anomalies. The majority of the amputees were male; however, the number of females showed a gradual increase, and the average age also increased. The proportion of amputated patients with chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, is increasing, and medical services are relatively limited. In this review study, through the 10-year trend change in the prevalence of amputee, it was possible to infer the impact of personal, social, and environmental changes. Based on these amputee statistics, it is expected that they can be used to plan health and medical policies for the disabled.

Purpose: This study aims to explore a clear and evidence-based definition of adaptive behavior in stroke survivors and establish the antecedents, attributes, consequences, and empirical referents of the concept. Methods: The concept analysis was performed using the Walker and Avant method as a framework. Data from 90 publications were collected using various databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, RISS, and KISS) and applied in the analysis. Results: Adaptive behavior in stroke survivors was defined according to four attributes: realizing change, taking an optimistic view, restructuring daily activities to suit oneself, and carrying out one's own daily life. The conceptual structure of their adaptive behavior comprised stroke onset, functional changes, and emotional liability as antecedents and autonomy, family equilibrium, and quality of life as consequences. Conclusions Clarifying the concept of adaptive behavior in stroke survivors provides an understanding of the underlying attributes of this concept. Furthermore, it will facilitate the development of scales to measure the concept and the application of a theory-based intervention program that can improve adaptive behavior.

This scoping review focused on the application of simulation education for nursing college students and analyzed studies measuring problem-solving ability to present an overview of research trends and future directions. Methods: The scoping review followed the review guideline. The study was conducted independently by two reviewers, who searched the literature through electronic databases (DBpia, KISS, Science on, RISS, and Google Scholar). Results: In total, 32 studies were included in the final analysis, and each study was analyzed according to the following domains: general characteristics, simulation-related characteristics, and instrument-related characteristics. Simulation-based learning was primarily conducted for third- and fourth-year nursing students using various scenarios and high-fidelity simulators. However, the effect of simulation education on problem-solving ability was somewhat inconsistent, and some studies reported different names of tools and numbers of items by sub-area from the original instruments. Conclusion: It is necessary to critically reflect upon whether “Process Behavior Survey” tool can be used for simulation education. Therefore, conceptual analysis or instrument development research is needed in the future to accurately measure the problem-solving process or problem-solving ability.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the actual status of fundamentals of nursing practice (FNP) education at nursing colleges, and the difficulties of FNP operation in the early stages of the COVID-19. Methods: This study used a descriptive design. Data collection was conducted from December 9, 2020 to January 31, 2021 using the self-report questionnaire method for a total of 95 nursing colleges. The questionnaire consisted of characteristics related to FNP, changes in FNP education, difficulties in operating FNP, and countermeasures in the COVID-19 situation. Results: Changes in FNP due to COVID-19 were distribution of practice places, reduction of the number of students, short-term intensive classes, and reduction of face-to-face practice. Most colleges conducted FNP face-to-face, but some schools showed that FNP was conducted non-face-to-face. The difficulties of operating FNP that instructors experienced induced concerns about a decrease in student competency due to lack of face-to-face practice and an unofficial increase in the number of teaching hours and physical demands on instructors due to the expansion of the division. Conclusion In order to develop the capabilities of nursing students in other pandemic situations in the future, it is necessary to find systematic coping strategy to reduce the burden of FNP instructors, and to develop non-face-to-face online practice contents and consumables for online practice.

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the experience of physical and emotional safety in nursing students during fundamentals of nursing practicum. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2019. A total of 553 nursing students, who had completed fundamental nursing laboratories, participated in this study. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires which included questions about general characteristics, physical and emotional safety during fundamental nursing laboratories along with an informed consent given prior to the practicum. Results: Of the students, 26 experienced physical safety accidents, and 18 reported emotional safety accidents. Students' mean stress score for physical safety was 1.95, and the mean score for emotional safety was 1.92. Of the students, more than 59.1% agreed to volunteer as practice models in certain nursing procedures’ training. Of the students, 55.8% were satisfied with using their bodies to train fundamental nursing skills. 61.8% of students reported that informed consent was obtained during the nursing laboratory, and 88.6% of students thought that informed consent needs to be obtained. Conclusion To prevent safety accidents during the fundamentals of nursing practicum and systematically manage accidents, standardized safety guidelines for nursing practicum should be developed. Establishing various training strategies using advanced models or simulators to increase education efficiency and satisfaction is necessary.