Background: This study investigated a safe and effective bolus dose and lockout time for patient-controlled sedation (PCS) with dexmedetomidine for dental treatments. The depth of sedation, vital signs, and patient satisfaction were investigated to demonstrate safety. Methods: Thirty patients requiring dental scaling were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups based on bolus doses and lockout times: group 1 (low dose group, bolus dose 0.05 µg/kg, 1-minute lockout time), group 2 (middle dose group, 0.1 µg/kg, 1-minute), and group 3 (high dose group, 0.2 µg/kg, 3-minute) (n = 10 each). ECG, pulse, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, end-tidal CO2 , respiratory rate, and bispectral index scores (BIS) were measured and recorded. The study was conducted in two stages: the first involved sedation without dental treatment and the second included sedation with dental scaling. Patients were instructed to press the drug demand button every 10 s, and the process of falling asleep and waking up was repeated 1-5 times.In the second stage, during dental scaling, patients were instructed to press the drug demand button. Loss of responsiveness (LOR) was defined as failure to respond to auditory stimuli six times, determining sleep onset. Patient and dentist satisfaction were assessed before and after experimentation. Results: Thirty patients (22 males) participated in the study. Scaling was performed in 29 patients after excluding one who experienced dizziness during the first stage. The average number of drug administrations until first LOR was significantly lower in group 3 (2.8 times) than groups 1 and 2 (8.0 and 6.5 times, respectively). The time taken to reach the LOR showed no difference between groups. During the second stage, the average time required to reach the LOR during scaling was 583.4 seconds. The effect site concentrations (Ce) was significantly lower in group 1 than groups 2 and 3. In the participant survey on PCS, 8/10 in group 3 reported partial memory loss, whereas 17/20 in groups 1 and 2 recalled the procedure fully or partially. Conclusion PCS with dexmedetomidine can provide a rapid onset of sedation, safe vital sign management, and minimal side effects, thus facilitating smooth dental sedation.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the current status and trends of food and nutrient intake in the Korean population over the past 20 years using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: We conducted a survey of 116,284 subjects over the age of one year in Korea, who participated in the KNHANES between 1998 and 2018. We collected data on the subjects’ intake for the day before using the 24-hour recall method. The annual percent change (APC) in the food groups and nutrient intake were calculated using SAS and Joinpoint software. RESULTS: The intake of grains (APC=-0.4, p<0.05) and vegetables (APC=-0.8, p<0.05) was observed to decrease. In contrast, the intake of beverages, meat, dairy, and eggs increased. In particular, beverage intake increased by more than four times (APC=9.2, p<0.05). There was no significant change in energy intake. However, the proportion of energy intake from carbohydrates decreased by approximately 5%p (APC=-0.3, p<0.05), whereas that from fat increased by approximately 5%p (APC= 1.1, p<0.05). Additionally, there were decreases in the proportion of energy intake from breakfast and homemade meals and increases in the energy intake from snacks, dining out, and convenience food. The intake of vitamin C (APC=-3.2, p<0.05) and sodium (APC=-2.3, p<0.05) significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS Over the past 20 years, there has been decreases in the intake of grains, vegetables, carbohydrates, sodium, and vitamin C and increases in the intake of beverages, dairy, meat, eggs, and fat. Since nutritional status is an important factor in the prevention and management of chronic diseases, it should be continuously monitored.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the current status and trends of food and nutrient intake in the Korean population over the past 20 years using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: We conducted a survey of 116,284 subjects over the age of one year in Korea, who participated in the KNHANES between 1998 and 2018. We collected data on the subjects’ intake for the day before using the 24-hour recall method. The annual percent change (APC) in the food groups and nutrient intake were calculated using SAS and Joinpoint software. RESULTS: The intake of grains (APC=-0.4, p<0.05) and vegetables (APC=-0.8, p<0.05) was observed to decrease. In contrast, the intake of beverages, meat, dairy, and eggs increased. In particular, beverage intake increased by more than four times (APC=9.2, p<0.05). There was no significant change in energy intake. However, the proportion of energy intake from carbohydrates decreased by approximately 5%p (APC=-0.3, p<0.05), whereas that from fat increased by approximately 5%p (APC= 1.1, p<0.05). Additionally, there were decreases in the proportion of energy intake from breakfast and homemade meals and increases in the energy intake from snacks, dining out, and convenience food. The intake of vitamin C (APC=-3.2, p<0.05) and sodium (APC=-2.3, p<0.05) significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS Over the past 20 years, there has been decreases in the intake of grains, vegetables, carbohydrates, sodium, and vitamin C and increases in the intake of beverages, dairy, meat, eggs, and fat. Since nutritional status is an important factor in the prevention and management of chronic diseases, it should be continuously monitored.

Purpose: Vitamin D deficiency may cause bone loss and increased inflammation, which are well-known symptoms of periodontal disease. This study investigated whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are associated with periodontal disease status and tooth loss. Methods: Cross-sectional data from 5,405 individuals aged ≥50 years (2,253 males and 3,152 females) were obtained from the 2008–2010 Dong-gu study, a prospective cohort study of risk factors for chronic diseases. Periodontal examinations were conducted to evaluate the number of remaining teeth, the periodontal probing depth (PPD), the clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing. The percentages of sites with PPD ≥4 mm and CAL ≥4 mm were recorded for each participant. The severity of periodontitis was classified using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology case definitions.Serum 25(OH)D levels were classified as reflecting severe deficiency, deficiency, insufficiency, or sufficiency. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to assess the associations of serum 25(OH)D levels with periodontal parameters and the number of remaining teeth after adjusting for confounders including age, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, month of blood collection, and physical activity. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between serum vitamin D levels and severe periodontitis. An overall statistical analysis and a stratified analysis by sex were performed. Results: Overall, the rates of severe deficiency, deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency were 6.5%, 67.9%, 22.4%, and 3.2%, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, vitamin D levels were directly associated with the number of remaining teeth, an association that was significant in males, but not in females. Sufficient serum 25(OH)D was associated with a low frequency of severe periodontitis. Conclusions This population-based cross-sectional study indicates that low serum 25(OH) D is significantly associated with tooth loss and severe periodontitis in Koreans aged 50 years and older.

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is associated with systemic complications and high mortality rate in dogs. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated for their therapeutic potential in several inflammation models. In the present study, the effects of canine adipose tissue-derived (cAT)-MSCs in a rat model of SAP induced by retrograde injection of 3% sodium taurocholate solution into the pancreatic duct were investigated. cAT-MSCs labeled with dioctadecyl-3,3,3′-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate (1 × 10⁷ cells/kg) were systemically administered to rats and pancreatic tissue was collected three days later for histopathological, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemical analyses. Greater numbers of infused cAT-MSCs were detected in the pancreas of SAP relative to sham-operated rats. cAT-MSC infusion reduced pancreatic edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and acinar cell necrosis, and decreased pancreatic expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, -6, -12, -17, and -23 and interferon-γ, while stimulating expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in SAP rats. Moreover, cAT-MSCs decreased the number of clusters of differentiation 3-positive T cells and increased that of forkhead box P3-positive T cells in the injured pancreas. These results indicate that cAT-MSCs can be effective as a cell-based therapeutic strategy for treatment of SAP in dogs.
Acinar Cells ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Cytokines ; Dogs ; Edema ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukins ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells* ; Models, Animal ; Mortality ; Necrosis ; Pancreas ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Pancreatitis* ; Rats* ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; T-Lymphocytes* ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Taurocholic Acid

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study evaluated the clinical outcomes of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) for the treatment of hemorrhage from gastric varices (GV) in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis (LC). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 183 LC patients who underwent BRTO for GV bleeding in 6 university-based hospitals between January 2001 and December 2010. RESULTS: Of the 183 enrolled patients, 49 patients had Child-Pugh (CP) class A LC, 105 had CP class B, and 30 had CP class C at the time of BRTO. BRTO was successfully performed in 177 patients (96.7%). Procedure-related complications (e.g., pulmonary thromboembolism and renal infarction) occurred in eight patients (4.4%). Among 151 patients who underwent follow-up examinations of GV, 79 patients (52.3%) achieved eradication of GV, and 110 patients (72.8%) exhibited marked shrinkage of the treated GV to grade 0 or I. Meanwhile, new-appearance or aggravation of esophageal varices (EV) occurred in 54 out of 136 patients who underwent follow-up endoscopy (41.2%). During the 36.0+/-29.2 months (mean+/-SD) of follow-up, 39 patients rebled (hemorrhage from GV in 7, EV in 18, nonvariceal origin in 4, and unknown in 10 patients). The estimated 3-year rebleeding-free rate was 74.8%, and multivariate analysis showed that CP class C was associated with rebleeding (odds ratio, 2.404; 95% confidence-interval, 1.013-5.704; P=0.047). CONCLUSIONS: BRTO can be performed safely and effectively for the treatment of GV bleeding. However, aggravation of EV or bleeding from EV is not uncommon after BRTO; thus, periodic endoscopy to follow-up of EV with or without prophylactic treatment might be necessary in LC patients undergoing BRTO.
Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; *Balloon Occlusion/adverse effects ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices/*complications ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology/prevention & control/*therapy ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/*complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Pulmonary Embolism/etiology ; Recurrence ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Severity of Illness Index ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVES: This clinical study evaluated the effect of light activation on the whitening efficacy and safety of in-office bleaching system containing 15% hydrogen peroxide gel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three volunteers were randomly treated with (n = 17, experimental group) or without light activation (n = 16, control group), using Zoom2 white gel (15% H2O2, Discus Dental) for a total treatment time of 45 min. Visual and instrumental color measurements were obtained using Vitapan Classical shade guide and Shadepilot (DeguDent) at screening test, after bleaching, and 1 month and 3 month after bleaching. Data were analyzed using t-test, repeated measure ANOVA, and chi-squared test. RESULTS: Zoom2 white gel produced significant shade changes in both experimental and control group when pre-treatment shade was compared with that after bleaching. However, shade difference between two groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Tooth shade relapse was not detected at 3 months after bleaching. The incidence of transient tooth sensitivity was 39.4%, with being no differences between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The application of light activation with Zoom2 white gel system neither achieved additional whitening effects nor showed more detrimental influences.
Humans ; Hydrogen ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Hypersensitivity ; Incidence ; Light ; Mass Screening ; Recurrence ; Tooth ; Tooth Bleaching

PURPOSE: To estimate the long-term therapeutic efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis B who have developed lamivudine resistance. METHODS: Sixteen patients (12 boys and 4 girls; ages 4.3~20.9 years; mean age 14.2 years) with chronic hepatitis B infection resistant to lamivudine therapy received adefovir (0.3 mg/kg/day, maximal dose 10 mg) orally for at least 9 months between March 2004 and April 2008. Each patient was followed up for a mean period of 27 months (range 9~49 months) until April 2008 at Kyungpook National University Hospital in Korea. Therapeutic responses to adefovir were evaluated at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months from the initiation of therapy using the Kaplan-Meier method. Response measurements included ALT normalization, HBV DNA negativization, 2 log(10) IU/mL decrement of HBeAg titer, HBeAg loss, and HBeAg/Ab seroconversion rate. RESULTS: Three (18.8%) of the 16 patients treated with adefovir showed HBeAg/Ab seroconversion. Kaplan-Meier estimates of cumulative ALT normalization were 12.5% (12 months), 43.8% (24 months), 63.5% (36 months), and 92.7% (48 months), respectively. Cumulative HBV DNA negativization was 6.7%, 30.0%, 45.6%, and 78.2% at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months, respectively. Cumulative 2 log(10) copies/mL decrement of HBeAg titer was 12.5%, 43.8%, 56.3%, and 86.9% at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months, respectively. Cumulative HBeAg loss and HBeAg/Ab seroconversion were 6.7% (12 months) and 22.2% (24 months), respectively. CONCLUSION: The long-term therapeutic efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil was favorable in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis B who had developed lamivudine resistance. The long-term use of adefovir should be safe in children.
Adenine ; Adolescent ; Child ; DNA ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Hepatitis, Chronic ; Humans ; Korea ; Lamivudine ; Organophosphonates

BACKGROUDN: Docetaxel is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent with proven efficacy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, myelosuppression can be a substantial concern when docetaxel is administered every 3 weeks. Weekly administration of low-dose docetaxel has demonstrated a comparable efficacy together with a distinct toxicity profile with reduced myelosuppression. We conducted a phase II study of weekly administration of docetaxel and cisplatin or carboplatin in patients with advanced NSCLC to evaluate efficacy and safety. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC who had not received prior treatment were enrolled in the study. The patients received intravenous infusions of docetaxel (35 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2 on day 1) or carboplatin (AUC 6), followed by a week of rest. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were assessable for efficacy and all patients were assessable for toxicity determination. The overall response rate of the regimen was 44.8%. The median survival was 11.3 months, and the 1-year survival rate was 37%. Of the hematologic toxicities, grade 3/4 neutropenia were observed in 12.6% of the patients, but there were no episodes of neutropenic fever. Non-hematologic toxicities were mild. CONCLUSIONS: With this weekly dosing regimen, although efficacy is comparable, myelosuppression is substantially less, and the overall tolerability profile is better than with dosing every 3 weeks.
Carboplatin ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Cisplatin ; Fever ; Humans ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Neutropenia ; Platinum* ; Survival Rate

Abstract Phospholipase D (PLD) plays an important role as an effector in a variety of physiological processes that reveal it to be a member of the signal transducing phospholipases. Recently, PLD2 was reported as a necessary intermediate in preventing apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide or hypoxia in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The data presented here show that both PLD isozymes, PLD1 and PLD2 are also required in attenuating glutamate-induced cell death in PC12 cells. Treatment of PC12 cells with glutamate resulted in induction of apoptosis in these cells, which is accompanied by decreased PLD activity and increased ceramide concentration. Incubation of PC12 cells with exogenous C6-ceramide showed a time-dependent decrease of PLD activity. When cDNAs of PLD1 and PLD2 were transfected into PC12 cells respectively, overexpression of PLD1 or PLD2 resulted in inhibition of glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death. These data indicate that both PLD1 and PLD2 play a protective role against glutamate-induced cell death in PC12 cells.
Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects/*physiology ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Ceramides/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzyme Activation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects ; Glutamic Acid/*toxicity ; Isoenzymes/drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; PC12 Cells ; Phospholipase D/chemistry/drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Sphingolipids/metabolism