Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-negative bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of national bloodstream infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:During the study period，9 035 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 51 hospitals，of which 7 895（87.4%）were Enterobacteriaceae and 1 140（12.6%）were non-fermenting bacteria. The top 5 bacterial species were Escherichia coli（ n=4 510，49.9%）， Klebsiella pneumoniae（ n=2 340，25.9%）， Pseudomonas aeruginosa（ n=534，5.9%）， Acinetobacter baumannii complex（ n=405，4.5%）and Enterobacter cloacae（ n=327，3.6%）. The ESBLs-producing rates in Escherichia coli， Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus spp. were 47.1%（2 095/4 452），21.0%（427/2 033）and 41.1%（58/141），respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli（CREC）and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）were 1.3%（58/4 510）and 13.1%（307/2 340）；62.1%（36/58）and 9.8%（30/307）of CREC and CRKP were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination，respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii（CRAB）complex was 59.5%（241/405），while less than 5% of Acinetobacter baumannii complex was resistant to tigecycline and polymyxin B. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa（CRPA）was 18.4%（98/534）. There were differences in the composition ratio of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections and the prevalence of main Gram-negative bacteria resistance among different regions，with statistically significant differences in the prevalence of CRKP and CRPA（ χ2=20.489 and 20.252， P<0.001）. The prevalence of CREC，CRKP，CRPA，CRAB，ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were higher in provinicial hospitals than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=11.953，81.183，10.404，5.915，12.415 and 6.459， P<0.01 or <0.05），while the prevalence of CRPA was higher in economically developed regions（per capita GDP ≥ 92 059 Yuan）than that in economically less-developed regions（per capita GDP <92 059 Yuan）（ χ2=6.240， P=0.012）. Conclusions:The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections shows an increasing trend，and Escherichia coli is ranked in the top，while the trend of CRKP decreases continuously with time. Decreasing trends are noted in ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Low prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli and high prevalence in CRAB complex have been observed. The composition ratio and antibacterial spectrum of bloodstream infections in different regions of China are slightly different，and the proportion of main drug resistant bacteria in provincial hospitals is higher than those in municipal hospitals.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-positive bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of National Bloodstream Infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:A total of 3 163 strains of Gram-positive pathogens were collected from 51 member units，and the top five bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus（ n=1 147，36.3%），coagulase-negative Staphylococci（ n=928，29.3%）， Enterococcus faecalis（ n=369，11.7%）， Enterococcus faecium（ n=296，9.4%）and alpha-hemolyticus Streptococci（ n=192，6.1%）. The detection rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus（MRSA）and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci（MRCNS）were 26.4%（303/1 147）and 66.7%（619/928），respectively. No glycopeptide and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci were detected. The sensitivity rates of Staphylococcus aureus to cefpirome，rifampin，compound sulfamethoxazole，linezolid，minocycline and tigecycline were all >95.0%. Enterococcus faecium was more prevalent than Enterococcus faecalis. The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin and teicoplanin were both 0.5%（2/369），and no vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium was detected. The detection rate of MRSA in southern China was significantly lower than that in other regions（ χ2=14.578， P=0.002），while the detection rate of MRCNS in northern China was significantly higher than that in other regions（ χ2=15.195， P=0.002）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS in provincial hospitals were higher than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=13.519 and 12.136， P<0.001）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS in economically more advanced regions（per capita GDP≥92 059 Yuan in 2022）were higher than those in economically less advanced regions（per capita GDP<92 059 Yuan）（ χ2=9.969 and 7.606， P=0.002和0.006）. Conclusions:Among the Gram-positive pathogens causing bloodstream infections in China， Staphylococci is the most common while the MRSA incidence decreases continuously with time；the detection rate of Enterococcus faecium exceeds that of Enterococcus faecalis. The overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is still at a low level. The composition ratio of Gram-positive pathogens and resistant profiles varies slightly across regions of China，with the prevalence of MRSA and MRCNS being more pronounced in provincial hospitals and areas with a per capita GDP≥92 059 yuan.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacterial isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2021.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2021 to December 2021. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 11 013 bacterial strains were collected from 51 hospitals, of which 2 782 (25.3%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 8 231 (74.7%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (37.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%), Enterococcus faecium (3.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.5%) and Klebsiella spp (2.1%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus were 25.3% and 76.8%, respectively. No glycopeptide- and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci was detected; more than 95.0% of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to ceftobiprole. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains were detected. The rates of extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolated in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were 49.6%, 25.5% and 39.0%, respectively. The prevalence rates of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 2.2% and 15.8%, respectively; 7.9% of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. Ceftobiprole demonstrated excellent activity against non-ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Aztreonam/avibactam was highly active against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii was 60.0%, while polymyxin and tigecycline showed good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (5.5% and 4.5%). The prevalence of carbapenem-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 18.9%. Conclusions:The BRICS surveillance results in 2021 shows that the main pathogens of blood stream infection in China are gram-negative bacteria, in which Escherichia coli is the most common. The MRSA incidence shows a further decreasing trend in China and the overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is low. The prevalence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is still on a high level, but the trend is downwards.

ObjectiveTo investigate a cluster epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） infections in a school in Longchuan County， Yunnan Province， and further guide the prevention and control of COVID-19 in the border area. MethodsAccording to the Protocol on Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia （8th Edition）， an epidemiological investigation was performed on all COVID-19 cases to collect the information on demographics， onset， diagnosis and treatment， prognosis， and epidemiological history. Close contacts were also tracked to determine the transmission chains. ResultsIn this cluster epidemic， a total of 37 COVID-19 cases were identified， including 32 females and 5 males aged from 13 to 25 years， who were 35 students and 2 teachers. The student cases were found in four classes of two grades. Furthermore， gene sequencing showed that all cases had been infected with delta variants， belonging to the same transmission chain that was not related to the previous epidemics in Dehong Prefecture. In additionally， a total of 2 127 close contacts were found. After 21 days of centralized quarantine for medical observation， all close contacts tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. In the COVID-19 cases， only one case remained positive for SARS-CoV-2， while the other 36 cases were successfully treated and became negative. ConclusionThis school cluster is caused by the border villagers who contacted the water polluted with SARS-CoV-2. It warrants more strict management of students from border villages and their belongings to prevent similar epidemics in school settings.

Objective:To investigate the bacterial composition and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical isolates from bloodstream infections in China.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture were collected during January 2020 to December 2020 in member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS). Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI, USA). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 10 043 bacterial strains were collected from 54 hospitals, of which 2 664 (26.5%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 7 379 (73.5%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (38.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.9%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (7.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.9%), Enterococcus faecium (3.3%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.4%) and Klebsiella spp (1.8%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus were 27.6% and 74.4%, respectively. No glycopeptide- and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci were detected. More than 95% of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to rifampicin and SMZco. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains were detected. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were 48.4%, 23.6% and 36.1%, respectively. The prevalence rates of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 2.3% and 16.1%, respectively; 9.6% of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii was 60.0%, while polymyxin and tigecycline showed good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 23.2%. Conclusions:The surveillance results in 2020 showed that the main pathogens of bloodstream infection in China were gram-negative bacteria, while Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen, and ESBL-producing strains declined while carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae kept on high level. The proportion and the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were on the rise slowly. On the other side, the MRSA incidence got lower in China, while the overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci was low.

Objective:To explore the risk factors affecting the occurrence of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage during intensive care unit (ICU) period.Methods:One hundred and thirty-five patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage who were transferred to ICU of our hospital from December 2016 to August 2019 were enrolled. The clinical data were collected, including gender, age, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores, hematoma volume, body mass index (BMI), systolic pressure, D-dimer, activated partial thromboplastin time, surgery before transfer, unplanned surgery during ICU period, and so on. According to occurrence of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, these patients were divided into thrombosis group and non-thrombosis group; univariate analysis was used to compare the differences in clinical data between the two groups, and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the independent risk factors for lower limb deep vein thrombosis, and the predictive efficacy was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results:Thirteen patients (9.63%) were diagnosed as having lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. There were statistical differences between two groups in GCS scores at admission, hematoma volume, BMI, D-dimer, platelet count, surgery before admission, unplanned surgery during ICU period, and hemostasis treatment ( P<0.05). Results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that BMI, D-dimer, and unplanned surgery during ICU period were independent risk factors for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis ( OR=1.868, 95%CI: 1.147-3.043, P=0.012; OR=1.004, 95%CI: 1.000-1.008, P=0.037; OR=0.019, 95%CI: 0.001-0.446, P=0.014). ROC curve showed the area under the curve by combining these three factors was 0.982 ( P=0.000), with sensitivity of 92.31% and specificity of 96.72%. Conclusion:Acute cerebral hemorrhage patients with high BMI, high D-dimer level, and unplanned surgery during ICU period are more likely to have low extremity deep venous thrombosis during ICU period; these patients should be alerted in clinical process.

Objective To explore the effect of online health education by family physician using the wearable devices, and provide the basis in theory and practice to improve the level of primary health care in community. Methods A total of 132 community residents (78 for male and 36 for female, all of them are WeChat user) with hypertension in one residential area who had regularly participated in the activity of volunteer blood pressure measurement organized by community health service center in wujiaochang street from November 2015 to February were chosen as the participants. The residents who wore the wearable device given by the community hospital uniformly were set as the study group (60 people), while the remaining 72 residents were set as the control group. Both groups received the daily online health education provided by the family physicians through their smartphone. We compared the diversity of health cognition, controlling behavior and controlling results to blood pressure of both groups before and after the studyrelatively, then we comprehensively analyzed the effect of use of wearable devices in family physicians ' online health education. SPSS 18.0 was used for data analysis. The categorical data of two groups were compared with chi-square test and the comparison of continuous data was performed with t test. Results Totally 114 community residents were qualified in the study, and the initial backgrounds of study group and control group had no significant difference. After receiving the online health education information for three months, both groups achieved improvement on the cognition and related self-control behavior of hypertension except for several items, and the study group did better than control group in most items. The physical examination showed that the systolic blood pressure of the study group after the intervention [(131.46 ± 12.89) mmHg] (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) was lower than before [(137.24 ± 12.27) mmHg] and the difference was significant (t=9.2, P<0.01); the diastolic blood pressure of the study group after the intervention [(78.29±8.91) mmHg] was lower than that of before intervention [(80.75±10.25) mmHg] and the difference was significant (t=2.3, P<0.05). Meanwhile, after intervention the systolic blood pressure of study group [(131.46 ± 12.89) mmHg] was lower than that of control group [(133.27 ± 12.7) mmHg] and the intervention was significant (t=2.1, P<0.05). Conclusion Long-term use of wearable devices help family physicians improve the effect of health education, consequently the community hospitals are responsible to enhance the input and management of the informatization of family physicians' service, and assist them to broaden the form and content of health education.

BACKGROUND:Combining Chinese medicine with stem cel transplantation opens up a new avenue for the use oftraditional Chinese medicinein thestem cel transplantation. It is expected to improve survival and differentiationof cochlear stem celsintohair cels through Chinese medicine interventions.
OBJECTIVE:To observe the influenceofGuiqi Dihuang Tangon the treatment of sensorineural deafness with cochlear stem cels.
METHODS:Guinea pigs with sensorineural deafness were randomly assigned into three groups:combined group intervened with cochlear stem cel suspension with medicated serum, cel transplantation group with cochlear stem cel suspension, and blank control group with normal saline injection. At 7, 28 and 56 days after treatment, al guinea pigs were detected for auditory brainstem response and immunofluorescent observation.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Nestin positive cels and MyosinVIIA positive cels were observed in the combined and cel transplantation groups, and the number of positive cels was higher in the combined group than the cel transplantation group. Auditory brainstem response threshold of guinea pigs was decreased in the combined and cel transplantation groups, and the recovery of hearing was better in the former group. These findings indicate that the intervention ofGuiqi Dihuang Tangcan remarkably improve the survival rate of transplanted stem cels and the differentiation ratioof transplanted celsintohair cels.

Objective To explore the correlation of mimecan/osteoglycin withnuclear factor koppa B(NF-κB) and P53 in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and PAD combined with type 2 diabetes in the elderly.Methods 120 patients with PAD and 60 healthy controls were enrolled in this study.PAD patients were divided into PAD group (n=60) and PAD combined with type 2 diabetes group (n =60) according to clinical diagnostic criteria.Patients in PAD group were divided into class Ⅰ (n=15),class Ⅱ (n=15),class Ⅲ (n=15) and class Ⅳ (n=15),and patients in PAD combined with type 2 diabetes group were divided to class Ⅰ (n=14),class Ⅱ (n=15),class Ⅲ (n=16) and class Ⅳ (n=15) according to Fontaine's classification.The levels of NF-κB,P53 and mimecan in peripheral blood were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The levels of NF-κB,P53 and mimecan were significantly increased in PAD combined with type 2 diabetes group as compared with PAD and control groups [NF-κB..(32.8±5.3) mg/L vs.(19.8±4.2) mg/L,(26.3 ±4.8) mg/L; P53:(3.4±1.3) mg/Lvs.(2.5±1.1) mg/L,(1.4±0.8) mg/L; mimecan:(16.4 ±0.8) mg/L vs.(10.3±0.8) mg/L,(4.8±0.6) mg/L; all P＜0.05].There were significant differences in the levels of NF-κB,P53 and mimecan in class Ⅰ,class Ⅱ,class Ⅲ and class Ⅳ in PAD group [NF-κB:(20.3±3.1) mg/L,(24.5±3.4) mg/L,(28.2±4.6) mg/L and (34.2±5.3) mg/L; P53:(2.2 ±1.8) mg/L,(2.6±1.8) mg/L,(3.3±1.9) mg/L and (3.7±2.7) mg/L;mimecan (8.9±2.6) mg/L,(12.4±1.8) mg/L,(15.6±1.5) mg/L and (17.7±1.6) mg/L; all P ＜0.05].There were significant differences in the levels of NF-κB,P53 and mimecan in class Ⅰ,class Ⅱ,class Ⅲ and class Ⅳ in PAD group combined with type 2 diabetes group [NF-κB:(25.5±4.2) mg/L,(28.8±3.7) mg/L,(33.4±5.6) mg/L and (38.5±4.7) mg/L; P53:(2.5±1.1)mg/L,(2.9±1.0)mg/L,(3.7±1.2)mg/L and(4.6±1.3)mg/L; mimecan:(11.7±2.4)mg/L,(14.9± 1.8)mg/L,(17.4±2.5)mg/L and(20.7±2.8)mg/L; all P＜0.05].The levels of NF-κB,P53 and mimecan was increased with the aggravation of PAD (all P＜0.05).Conclusions The increased levels of NF-κB and P53 are correlated with the increase in mimecan level and Fontaine's classification.

Objective To analyze the clinical results of 360° fusion for spondylolisthesis.Methods Data of 76 patients from March 2005 to November 2012,including 26 males and 50 females with a mean age of 54.3 years were retrospectively analyzed.All patients had undergone modified 360° fusion.The clinical outcomes were evaluated by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores (JOA) and visual analogue scale (VAS).The fusion status and loss of correction were assessed by CT and plain radiographs.Results All patients had been successfully followed up for at least one year.Post-operative reduction rate was 96.8％,with a mean loss rate of 1.1％ at six months and 0.8％ at one year follow-up separately,but the difference was not significant.Postoperative percentage of slip,lumbar lordosis,intervertebral disc height and slip angle had significant differences,compared with those of the pre-operative,but the difference between one week post-operative,six months follow-up and one year follow-up were not significant.The fusion rate was 76.3％ at six months follow-up and 98.7％ at one year follow-up,and there were significant differences.Both JOA and VAS score at six months and one year follow-up indicated significant differences in contrast to that of preoperative.Dural injury was found in one patient,and subsidence was found in one patient.One received a second operation at 3 months after the surgery due to screw loose.Conclusions Modified 360° fusion shows great clinical outcome and fusion rate,which can be a dominant procedure for treating spondylolisthesis.