Nonsuicidal Self-Injury(NSSI) is defined as a direct, intentional, socially unacceptable injury to one’s own body without suicidal intent. It is a major clinical and public health problem among adolescents around the world. Further, it is highly likely to be comorbid with various psychiatric disorders and is a high risk factor for suicide. In addition, NSSI may persist chronically in a number of adolescents. Therefore, appropriate and early intervention for adolescent NSSI is necessary, as adolescence is considered to be a key period for prevention and intervention. In this review, the overall characteristics and treatments of adolescent NSSI were investigated. However, there is still a lack of research on the risk factors and treatment for NSSI in adolescence. It is expected that if additional research is conducted based on previous studies, intervention and treatment, both of which are highly effective and early, will be provided to adolescents.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ex vivo activated and expanded natural killer (NK) cell therapy (SNK01) plus pembrolizumab in a randomized phase I/IIa clinical trial. Materials and Methods: Overall, 18 patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a programmed death ligand 1 tumor proportion score of 1% or greater who had a history of failed frontline platinum-based therapy were randomized (2:1) to receive pembrolizumab every 3 weeks +/– 6 weekly infusions of SNK01 at either 2×109 or 4×109 cells per infusion (pembrolizumab monotherapy vs. SNK01 combination). The primary endpoint was safety, whereas the secondary endpoints were the objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, and quality of life. Results: Since no dose-limiting toxicity was observed, the maximum tolerated dose was determined as SNK01 4×109 cells/dose. The safety data did not show any new safety signals when SNK01 was combined with pembrolizumab. The ORR and the 1-year survival rate in the NK combination group were higher than those in patients who underwent pembrolizumab monotherapy (ORR, 41.7% vs. 0%; 1-year survival rate, 66.7% vs. 50.0%). Furthermore, the median PFS was higher in the SNK01 combination group (6.2 months vs. 1.6 months, p=0.001). Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, the NK cell combination therapy may consider as a safe treatment method for stage IV NSCLC patients who had a history of failed platinum-based therapy without an increase in adverse events.

Objectives: Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders in adolescents and seem to occur the earliest among all forms of psychopathology. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of anxiety severity with health risk behaviors and mental health in adolescents. Methods: Data from the 2020 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey were analyzed. A total of 54948 adolescents responded to the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) for the assessment of their anxiety severity as well as to the mental health and health risk behavior survey. Logistic regression analysis, t tests, and variance analysis of a complex sample general linear model were used to examine the association of anxiety severity with health behaviors and mental health. Results: After statistical adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, the subjects in the severe anxiety group were significantly more likely to be current smokers (odds ratio [OR]: 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72–2.50), current drinkers (OR: 1.91, 95% CI:1.67–2.19), experience habitual substance use (OR: 10.89, 95% CI: 8.22–14.42), have sexual intercourse (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.76–2.51), and have unprotected intercourse (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.67–2.92) than those in the normal group. Anxiety severity negatively correlated with sleep satisfaction and happiness, but positively correlated with stress perception, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and suicidality. Conclusion Adolescent anxiety is associated with health risk behaviors and poor mental health. Thus, early screening and intervention for anxiety in adolescents could contribute to the management and coping of youth health risk behaviors in the community.

Objectives: Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders in adolescents and seem to occur the earliest among all forms of psychopathology. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of anxiety severity with health risk behaviors and mental health in adolescents. Methods: Data from the 2020 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey were analyzed. A total of 54948 adolescents responded to the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) for the assessment of their anxiety severity as well as to the mental health and health risk behavior survey. Logistic regression analysis, t tests, and variance analysis of a complex sample general linear model were used to examine the association of anxiety severity with health behaviors and mental health. Results: After statistical adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, the subjects in the severe anxiety group were significantly more likely to be current smokers (odds ratio [OR]: 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72–2.50), current drinkers (OR: 1.91, 95% CI:1.67–2.19), experience habitual substance use (OR: 10.89, 95% CI: 8.22–14.42), have sexual intercourse (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.76–2.51), and have unprotected intercourse (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.67–2.92) than those in the normal group. Anxiety severity negatively correlated with sleep satisfaction and happiness, but positively correlated with stress perception, loneliness, depressive symptoms, and suicidality. Conclusion Adolescent anxiety is associated with health risk behaviors and poor mental health. Thus, early screening and intervention for anxiety in adolescents could contribute to the management and coping of youth health risk behaviors in the community.

Objective: Though anger was highly associated with eveningness in general population, there is no study on the relationship between chronotype and anger-related characteristics in bipolar or depressive disorders. This study aimed to investigate the difference of anger-related characteristics according to chronotypes in bipolar or depressive disorders. Methods: Patients with bipolar or depressive disorders (n=238) were included in this study. Their chronotypes and anger-related characteristics were assessed with a self-evaluation of the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM), the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and the Anger Coping Scale (ACS). Results: The eveningness group in patients with mood disorders showed the highest scores of anger-trait (p<0.001), anger-expression (p=0.002) and anger-in (p<0.001) in STAXI subscales, verbal aggression (p=0.010) in ACS subscales among three groups, but the morningess group showed the lowest scores of these subscales among three groups. However, there were no significant differences in all subscales of the STAXI and ACS according to diagnostic subtypes in the Friedman test. Conclusion The results of this study suggested that eveningness in patients with mood disorders might be related to anger proneness and maladaptive anger coping. To manage anger emotion in the patients with mood disorders, therapeutic interventions to modulate eveningness might be helpful.

This case report aimed to describe cyclic patterns of residual mood symptoms in partially remitted bipolar I patient. In a 24-year-old woman with bipolar I disorder, residual mood symptoms measured by self-rated daily mood chart for 18 months were analyzed using wavelet analysis. A 146-day periodicity was prominent for the first 100 days after discharge. Between 100–200 days, 146-day periodicity was progressively diminished and 21- and 8-day periodicity was prominent. Between 200–516 days, 21-day periodicity was diminished and 85-day periodicity became prominent. This case suggest that bipolar patients might have cyclic residual symptoms with specific frequencies.
Bipolar Disorder ; Female ; Humans ; Periodicity ; Wavelet Analysis ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies reported the delayed recovery group after circadian rhythm disruption in mice showed higher quinpiroleinduced locomotor activity. This study aimed to compare not only Protein Kinase C (PKC) activities in frontal, striatal, hippocampus and cerebellum, but also relative PKC activity ratios among brain regions according to recovery of circadian rhythm. METHODS: The circadian rhythm disruption protocol was applied to eight-week-old twenty male Institute Cancer Research mice. The circadian rhythm recovery patterns were collected through motor activities measured by Mlog system. Depressive and manic proneness were examined by forced swim test and quinpirole-induced open field test respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure PKC activities. RESULTS: The delayed recovery group presented greater locomotor activities than the early recovery group (p=0.033). The delayed recovery group had significantly lower frontal PKC activity than the other (p=0.041). The former showed lower frontal/cerebellar PKC activity ratio (p=0.047) but higher striatal/frontal (p=0.038) and hippocampal/frontal (p=0.007) PKC activities ratios than the latter. CONCLUSION: These findings support potential mechanism of delayed recovery after circadian disruption in bipolar animal model could be an alteration of relative PKC activities among mood regulation related brain regions. It is required to investigate the PKC downstream signaling related to the delayed recovery pattern.
Animals ; Bipolar Disorder* ; Brain ; Cerebellum ; Circadian Rhythm ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Male ; Mice* ; Models, Animal ; Motor Activity ; Protein Kinase C* ; Protein Kinases* ; Quinpirole

Toxocariasis, a parasitic infection, causes hyper eosinophilia resulting in radiological presentation of eosinophilic infiltrations in the involved organs. In the abdomen, toxocariasis has been reported to manifest as infiltrations in the liver or in the gastrointestinal tract, but it is known to be uncommon to manifest as multiple lymphadenopathy. There have been two case reports of toxocariasis presenting as generalized lymphadenopathy in the chest, neck and inguinal regions. To the best of our knowledge, generalized conglomerated lymphadenopathy occurring mostly in the abdomen from toxocariasis has not been published in the English literature. Herein, we report a rare case of toxocariasis presenting as multiple conglomerated lymphadenopathy mimicking lymphoma on CT.

OBJECTIVE: The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) is a globally recognized measure of stress coping methods. However, research into the applicability of the CISS in a Korean context is still in its infancy. The aim of this study is to assess and report the validity of the CISS in Korean adults for the first time. METHODS: Three hundred and two Korean adults who currently have no distressing problems requiring psychiatric treatment completed the Korean version of the CISS. Principal component analysis was used to extract factors in the process of exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: The result displayed a clear pattern matrix, and a high level of internal consistency was shown by Chronbach's alpha. The items classified under task-oriented and emotion-oriented coping presented adequate factorial validity, and only three items grouped under avoidance-oriented coping loaded poorly or loaded onto factors differing from the original. CONCLUSION: These results seem to indicate that the CISS may indeed be both applicable and useful in gauging the coping styles of Korean adults. However, the ambiguous meanings of certain items under avoidance-oriented coping would require adjustment for the purposes of future study.
Adult* ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Humans ; Principal Component Analysis ; Psychometrics*

OBJECTIVES: Stress can substantially affect the symptoms and courses of mood disorders. Among the various factors of stress perception, one's personality traits and mood states are especially important. The aim of the current study is to examine the influences of personality traits on perceived stress in mood disorder, comparing depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. METHODS: Patients with depressive disorders (n=81) and bipolar disorders (n=79) and who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition diagnostic criteria were recruited. Stress perception was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Personality traits were assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory and the Neo-Five Factor Inventory. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine and determine the predictors that significantly affect perceived stress. RESULTS: Results of univariate linear regression analysis showed that neuroticism, harm avoidance, and novelty seeking were positively related to the PSS score in patients with bipolar disorder. However, agreeableness, self-directedness, extraversion, cooperativeness, and conscientiousness subscales were negatively related to the PSS score. In depressive patients as well, harm avoidance and neuroticism were positively related to the PSS score. Reward dependence, extraversion, agreeableness, self-directedness, and cooperativeness were negatively related to the PSS score. In multivariate linear analysis, self-directedness and extraversion were negatively associated with the PSS score in bipolar patients. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that personality traits associated with perceived stress may differ according to the subtypes of mood disorders. In addition, consideration of the differences in personality subtypes that affect perceived stress is probably required in order to establish strategies for decreasing perceived stress in mood disorder.
Bipolar Disorder ; Depressive Disorder ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Extraversion (Psychology) ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Mood Disorders* ; Reward ; Temperament