Objective:To establish a clinical laboratory diagnostic pathway for hepatitis C covering diagnosis, differential diagnosis, drug toxicity monitoring, and therapeutic and prognostic evaluation, and to explore a new teaching model for laboratory diagnostics based on the clinical laboratory diagnostic pathway.Methods:According to the clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines for hepatitis C, laboratory testing strategies for different stages of diagnosis and treatment of the disease were formulated to establish a clinical laboratory diagnostic pathway for hepatitis C. The pathway was applied in the teaching for undergraduate medical students of the seven-year program of grade 2019 of The First Clinical College of Wuhan University, with those of grade 2018 as the control to receive traditional teaching. The teaching effect was compared through questionnaires and quizzes in class. The data were analyzed through the t test with the use of SPSS 19.0. Results:A clinical laboratory diagnostic pathway for hepatitis C recognized by clinicians was established, covering the entire process of clinical diagnosis, differential diagnosis, monitoring of drug side effects, and therapeutic and prognostic evaluation. The students of grade 2019 receiving the pathway-based teaching model had significant improvements in teaching quality evaluation indicators ( P<0.05), with the most marked improvement in "having mastered the key and difficult points of this lesson", with a score of (60.90±2.15) points for grade 2018 and (84.80±3.44) points for grade 2019. The total score for teaching evaluation was significantly higher in students of grade 2019 than in those of grade 2018 [(94.02±4.29) vs. (79.21±3.68)] points, P<0.05). Grade 2019 also had a significantly higher classroom quiz score than grade 2018 (94.60±5.63) vs. (78.10±4.92), P<0.01]. Conclusions:We established and applied a clinical laboratory diagnostic pathway of hepatitis C in the teaching model of laboratory diagnostics, which organically integrates laboratory diagnostics and clinical medicine, and significantly improves the quality of teaching.

Objective:To explore the clinical effectiveness of a self-designed robot reduction system for femoral intertrochanteric fractures.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the 57 patients with intertrochanteric fracture who had been treated at Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Central Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from June 2022 to February 2023. The patients were divided into a robot group (using the self-designed robot reduction system to assist intramedullary nailing) and a traction bed group (using a traction bed to assist intramedullary nailing) based on their fracture reduction method. The robot group: 31 patients, 11 males and 20 females, with an age of (78.7±9.3) years; 16 left and 15 right sides; 17 cases of type 31-A1, 12 cases of type 31-A2 and 2 cases of type 31-A3 by the AO/OTA classification. The traction bed group: 26 patients, 12 males and 14 females, with an age of (78.7±7.7) years; 13 left and 13 right sides; 16 cases of type 31-A1, 9 cases of type 31-A2 and 1 cases of type 31-A3 by the AO/OTA classification. The 2 groups were compared in terms of reduction and operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, reduction quality, and VAS and Harris score at preoperation, 1 week and 6 months postoperation.Results:The 2 groups were comparable due to insignificant differences in their preoperative general data ( P>0.05). The robot group was significantly better than the traction bed group in reduction time [(4.4±2.2) min versus (9.4±3.2) min], operation time [(29.0±13.5) min versus (49.3±13.3) min], intraoperative blood loss [(76.5±30.5) mL versus (115.0±38.4) mL], fluoroscopy frequency [(10.2±2.6) times versus (14.8±3.2) times], and good/excellent rate of reduction [80.6% (25/31) versus 50.0% (13/26)] ( P<0.05). All patients were followed up for (6.8±0.3) months. Respectively, the VAS scores at preoperation and 6 months postoperation was (6.2±1.3) and (2.4±0.8) points for the robot group, and (6.3±1.3) and (2.7±0.8) points for the traction bed group, showing no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). However, the VAS score was (3.3±1.2) points for the robotic group and (4.8±1.5) points for the traction bed group at 1 week postoperation, showing a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups ( P<0.001). Respectively, the Harris scores at preoperation and 6 months postoperation were (35.3±3.0) and (88.7±3.4) points for the robot group, and (35.6±2.9) and (87.2±3.5) points for the traction bed group, showing no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). However, the Harris score was (57.3±3.7) points for the robotic group and (46.7±2.8) points for the traction bed group at 1 week postoperation, showing a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups ( P<0.05). The patient satisfaction rates in the robot and traction bed groups were 96.8% (30/31) and 92.3% (24/26), respectively, showing no statistically significant difference ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Our self-designed robot reduction for femoral intertrochanteric fractures can effectively shorten reduction and operation time, reduce bleeding and fluoroscopy frequency, and enhance anatomical reduction.

The incidence of psycho-cardiological diseases， i.e.， cardiovascular diseases combined with psychological disorders， is increasing year by year. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） plays a role in the pathogenesis of such diseases. According to the theory of collateral diseases， our team innovates the concept of regulating mental activity by dredging collaterals in the treatment of psycho-cardiological diseases and summarizes the concepts of "heart of Qi and collaterals" and "heart of vessels and collaterals". We believe that obstructed collaterals and disturbed mental activity run through the whole course of psycho-cardiological diseases， being the core pathogenesis. BDNF closely related to the core pathogenesis can regulate nerve and vascular inflammation， alleviate oxidative stress， and mediate a variety of signaling pathways， thereby promoting the survival and repair of nerve cells and vascular endothelial cells to regulate emotion and protect the heart. Therefore， BDNF is one of the potential biomarkers for clinical treatment of psycho-cardiological diseases. Collateral obstruction caused by blood stasis is specifically manifested as collateral deficiency， blood stasis， and Qi stagnation in collaterals. It can easily lead to inflammation， free radical generation， and antioxidant system changes in the patients with psycho-cardiological diseases， which can cause oxidative stress damage， affect the BDNF level， and result in mental disorders， such as anxiety and depression. Disturbed mental activity is mainly caused by the disturbance in the heart of Qi and collaterals， which is specifically manifested as the disturbance of the mind and liver soul. It is prone to cause anxiety or depression symptoms， which is closely related to the BDNF-mediated abnormal activation of neural circuits， nerve injury， and inflammation. This article elaborates on the theoretical connotation and pathological mechanism of regulating mental activity by dredging collaterals in the treatment of psycho-cardiological diseases from the perspective of BDNF， aiming to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of psycho-cardiological diseases and collateral diseases.

Benign anastomotic stenosis remains a common complication after bilojejunal anastomosis. Its pathogenesis includes the histology of bile duct, bile erosion, and inappropriate choice of surgical anastomosis or suture materials. Biliojejunal anastomotic stenosis can be determined preoperatively by MRCP, CT, and three-dimensional image reconstruction. Surgery remains treatment of choice for most cases, including surgical reconstruction and minimally invasive treatment, while the incidence of restenosis, residual stone, and reoperation is still high. Surgeons are still in search of optimal treatment modality to avoid anastomotic stenosis. In this article, we review the literature and summarize the latest clinical progress in the diagnosis and treatment of biliojejunal anastomotic stenosis combined with hepatic ductal stones.

Objective:To investigate the prognosis and safety of ripretinib in the treatment of patients with advanced gastrointestinal mesenchymal stromal tumors (GISTs) and to analyze the relationship between blood concentrations of this drug and prognosis.Methods:In this retrospective study, we investigated the effects of ripretinib in patients with advanced GISTs. The inclusion criteria comprised: (1) daily oral administration of ripretinib scheduled; and (2) uninterrupted treatment for at least 1month, with a stable and relatively fixed daily dosage maintained for a minimum of 2 weeks. Exclusion criteria comprised concurrent use of other tyrosine kinase inhibitors and presence of significant organ dysfunction. We retrospectively identified 79 patients with advanced GISTs who had received ripretinib across seven medical centers, namely Jiangsu Provincial Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2024. The cohort included 48 men and 31 women, 19 of whom had received ripretinib as second-line, 13 as third-line, and 47 as fourth-line therapy. Two peripheral venous blood samples were obtained from each participant and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry used to determine peak (Cmax) and trough (Cmin) concentrations of ripretinib. Machine learning methodologies, specifically the K-nearest neighbor algorithm combined with the Gridsearch CV strategy, were employed to establish the threshold for Cmin. We analyzed adverse reactions, treatment efficacy, median progression-free survival (mPFS), and the relationship between drug blood concentration and selected clinical parameters.Results:In the entire cohort, the Cmin and Cmax of ripretinib were 467 ± 360 μg/L and 986 ± 493 μg/L, respectively. Notably, female patients and individuals in the high-dose group exhibited significantly higher values for both Cmin and Cmax (both P<0.05). However, variations in drug concentrations associated with the line of ripretinib therapy, treatment efficacy, disease progression, and presence of selected specific genetic mutations were not significantly associated with values of Cmin and Cmax ( P>0.05). Among the 79 patients with advanced GISTs receiving ripretinib, reported adverse reactions included alopecia (53, 67.09%), hand–foot syndrome (24, 30.38%), fatigue (22, 27.85%), and myalgia (21, 26.58%). Two patients (2.53%) had grade III complications, both classified as hand–foot syndrome. The correlation between Cmax and adverse reactions was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05). By the time of the latest follow-up, five deaths (6.3%) had occurred within the cohort. The mPFS for the group was 16.3 months, with a mPFS of 14.4 months for those receiving standard dosage and 7.0 months for those receiving escalating dosage. Among the 65 patients treated with standard doses of ripretinib, those with Cmin exceeding a threshold of 450 μg/L exhibited a significantly longer mPFS (18.0 months vs.13.7 months; P < 0.05). Conclusion:In China, patients with advanced GISTs exhibit a notable tolerance to ripretinib, with no evidence for a correlation between adverse reactions and Cmax for the drug. Additionally, a Cmin exceeding 450 μg/L may be associated with an extended mPFS.

Congenital defects and genetic diseases in the fetus are the focus of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis. Obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, medical imaging (ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), clinical laboratory, pathology, and other disciplines are mostly involved in this multidisciplinary work on maternal and infant health care, which aims to prevent birth defects in strict accordance with laws, regulations, and pertinent industry standards, such as the Notice of the National Health Commission on Issuing the Basic Standards for Prenatal Screening Technical Medical Institutions and the Basic Standards for Prenatal Diagnosis Technical Medical Institutions (Guowei Maternal and Child Letter [2019] No. 297). To further support the implementation of prenatal screening and diagnosis work and streamline workflow, this study has compiled the timing, inspection, and testing procedures of various projects in each link from the standpoint of the disease clinical laboratory diagnostic pathway. This approach improves communication amongst various disciplines in prenatal screening and diagnosis work and offers clinical service quality, and it also helps improve the standard of the birth population and prevent and controll severe birth defects.

Objective:To investigate the prognosis and safety of ripretinib in the treatment of patients with advanced gastrointestinal mesenchymal stromal tumors (GISTs) and to analyze the relationship between blood concentrations of this drug and prognosis.Methods:In this retrospective study, we investigated the effects of ripretinib in patients with advanced GISTs. The inclusion criteria comprised: (1) daily oral administration of ripretinib scheduled; and (2) uninterrupted treatment for at least 1month, with a stable and relatively fixed daily dosage maintained for a minimum of 2 weeks. Exclusion criteria comprised concurrent use of other tyrosine kinase inhibitors and presence of significant organ dysfunction. We retrospectively identified 79 patients with advanced GISTs who had received ripretinib across seven medical centers, namely Jiangsu Provincial Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, from 1 June 2021 to 31 March 2024. The cohort included 48 men and 31 women, 19 of whom had received ripretinib as second-line, 13 as third-line, and 47 as fourth-line therapy. Two peripheral venous blood samples were obtained from each participant and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry used to determine peak (Cmax) and trough (Cmin) concentrations of ripretinib. Machine learning methodologies, specifically the K-nearest neighbor algorithm combined with the Gridsearch CV strategy, were employed to establish the threshold for Cmin. We analyzed adverse reactions, treatment efficacy, median progression-free survival (mPFS), and the relationship between drug blood concentration and selected clinical parameters.Results:In the entire cohort, the Cmin and Cmax of ripretinib were 467 ± 360 μg/L and 986 ± 493 μg/L, respectively. Notably, female patients and individuals in the high-dose group exhibited significantly higher values for both Cmin and Cmax (both P<0.05). However, variations in drug concentrations associated with the line of ripretinib therapy, treatment efficacy, disease progression, and presence of selected specific genetic mutations were not significantly associated with values of Cmin and Cmax ( P>0.05). Among the 79 patients with advanced GISTs receiving ripretinib, reported adverse reactions included alopecia (53, 67.09%), hand–foot syndrome (24, 30.38%), fatigue (22, 27.85%), and myalgia (21, 26.58%). Two patients (2.53%) had grade III complications, both classified as hand–foot syndrome. The correlation between Cmax and adverse reactions was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05). By the time of the latest follow-up, five deaths (6.3%) had occurred within the cohort. The mPFS for the group was 16.3 months, with a mPFS of 14.4 months for those receiving standard dosage and 7.0 months for those receiving escalating dosage. Among the 65 patients treated with standard doses of ripretinib, those with Cmin exceeding a threshold of 450 μg/L exhibited a significantly longer mPFS (18.0 months vs.13.7 months; P < 0.05). Conclusion:In China, patients with advanced GISTs exhibit a notable tolerance to ripretinib, with no evidence for a correlation between adverse reactions and Cmax for the drug. Additionally, a Cmin exceeding 450 μg/L may be associated with an extended mPFS.

Congenital defects and genetic diseases in the fetus are the focus of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis. Obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, medical imaging (ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), clinical laboratory, pathology, and other disciplines are mostly involved in this multidisciplinary work on maternal and infant health care, which aims to prevent birth defects in strict accordance with laws, regulations, and pertinent industry standards, such as the Notice of the National Health Commission on Issuing the Basic Standards for Prenatal Screening Technical Medical Institutions and the Basic Standards for Prenatal Diagnosis Technical Medical Institutions (Guowei Maternal and Child Letter [2019] No. 297). To further support the implementation of prenatal screening and diagnosis work and streamline workflow, this study has compiled the timing, inspection, and testing procedures of various projects in each link from the standpoint of the disease clinical laboratory diagnostic pathway. This approach improves communication amongst various disciplines in prenatal screening and diagnosis work and offers clinical service quality, and it also helps improve the standard of the birth population and prevent and controll severe birth defects.

Replantation of traumatic amputation in children has its own characteristics. This consensus primarily focuses on the issues related to the treatment of traumatically amputated limb injuries in children. Organised along a timeline, the consensus summarises domestic and international clinical experiences in emergency care and injury assessment of traumatic limb amputation limbs, indications and contraindications for replantation surgery, principles and procedures of replantation surgery, postoperative medication and management, as well as rehabilitation in children. The aim of this consensus is to propose standardise the treatment protocols for limb replantation for children therefore to serve as a reference for clinical practitioners in medical practices, and further improve the treatment and care for the traumatic limb amputations in children.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ranks the first among malignant tumors in China and even in the whole world. In recent years, the developement of genetic testing technology, particularly tumor gene sequencing, has provided a solid basis for the clinical molecular diagnosis of NSCLC, which has greatly increased the chances of patients benefiting from targeted therapy or immunotherapy, and ultimately extending their survival. Standardizing the use of tumor gene sequencing is crucial for the precision medicine in NSCLC. This paper discusses the normalization of tumor gene sequencing technology in the clinical molecular diagnostic pathway of NSCLC, which may promote the standardized use of tumor gene sequencing technology in targeted therapy or immunotherapy drug selection, toxicity and side effect prediction, efficacy monitoring, recurrence and prognosis evaluation of NSCLC patients. This article discusses the standardization of the application of tumor gene sequencing technology in the clinical molecular diagnosis pathway of NSCLC. Additionally, it offers a foundation for the uniform use of tumor gene sequencing technology in other solid tumors.