Objective To investigate indoor radon concentrations and environmental cumulative doses in residential and office units in Shenzhen, and estimate the average annual effective dose, and to provide data for assessing public health risks. Methods Within the 11 administrative districts of Shenzhen (including the Shenzhen-Shanwei Special Cooperation Zone), 17 residential units and 3 office units were randomly selected as monitoring sites in each district. The units selected represented buildings of different ages and various floors on which the units were located. Radon detectors and environmental cumulative dosimeters were deployed for monitoring. Results The indoor radon concentrations in Shenzhen during the two monitoring periods were (36.6 ± 16.5) Bq/m³ and (19.8 ± 15.3) Bq/m³, respectively. The environmental cumulative doses for the two monitoring periods were (0.33 ± 0.07) mSv and (0.25 ± 0.04) mSv, respectively. The estimated average annual effective dose due to indoor radon in Shenzhen was 0.92 mSv. Conclusion All monitored indoor radon concentrations in Shenzhen were below the national standard of China. The indoor radon concentrations exhibited significant regional variations, were higher in spring than in summer, and showed no statistically significant differences across buildings of different ages or units of various floors. The trends in indoor radon concentrations and environmental cumulative doses were highly consistent. The average indoor radon concentration in Shenzhen was lower than both the global and national levels, indicating a low risk of internal radiation exposure from radon.

Objective:To investigate the intelligence status of children aged 10 - 12 in rural areas of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture (referred to as Linxia) in Gansu Province.Methods:From September to November 2019, a cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the intelligence status of children aged 10 to 12 in 8 counties (cities) of Linxia. Chinese Raven's Progressive Matrices (rural version) was used for intelligence test and children's intelligence quotient (IQ) was calculated by regular mold to evaluate children's intelligence level.Results:A total of 1 721 children in Linxia were tested for intelligence, with an average IQ of 103.2. Among them, low intelligence (≤69) accounted for 1.0% (18/1 721), borderline (70 - 79) accounted for 3.0% (52/1 721), middle and lower (80 - 89) accounted for 8.4% (144/1 721), moderate (90 - 109) accounted for 56.6% (974/1 721), middle and upper (110 - 119) accounted for 21.9% (377/1 721), excellent (120 - 129) accounted for 7.8% (135/1 721), extremely excellent (≥130) accounted for 1.2% (21/1 721). There were 635, 598 and 488 children aged 10, 11 and 12, respectively, with an average IQ of 106.1, 103.3 and 99.2. There were 919 males and 802 females, with an average IQ of 102.9 and 103.4, respectively.Conclusion:In 2019, the intelligence of children aged 10 to 12 in rural areas of Linxia has reached the moderate level.

Objective To understand the impact of system reform of salt industry on iodine nutrition of people in Gansu Province, and to provide a scientific basis for policy adjustment of relevant departments. Methods The investigation period (2014-2021) was divided into two sub-periods: before system reform of salt industry (2014-2016) and after system reform of salt industry (2017-2021). Thirty counties were selected according to the method of ^“population proportional probability sampling (PPS)^” in 2014. According to the iodine deficiency disease monitoring program of Gansu Province, from 2016 to 2021, children aged 8-10 years and pregnant women were taken as research objects to collect urine samples for urine iodine detection. Children in 2014 and 2018 were selected to measure thyroid volume. Results A total of 90 989 children urine iodine samples were investigated, and the median urinary iodine (MUI) of children was 194.70µg/L; 7 663 and 83,326 children's urinary iodine samples were investigated in the two periods, the MUI was 180.73 µg/L and 196.00 µg/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). A total of 44 741 pregnant women's urinary iodine samples were investigated, and the MUI of pregnant women was 176.50 µg/L; 4 480 and 40 261 pregnant women's urinary iodine samples were investigated in the two periods, the MUI was 160.61 µg/L and 178.10 µg/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The thyroid volume of 1 555 children and 8 509 children was investigated in the two periods, the median thyroid volume was 2.70 mL and 2.55 mL , respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The rates of goiter in children were 3.15% and 1.26%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The iodine nutrition of people in Gansu Province has not fluctuated significantly after the reform of salt industry system and has maintained an appropriate level. It is necessary to pay attention to the potential risk of insufficient iodine nutrition level and thyroid health of key populations such as children and pregnant women and strengthen health education of scientific iodine supplementation.

Objective:To evaluate the testing capability of urinary iodine laboratories in Gansu Province and analyze the existing problems.Methods:Z-score method and uncertainty analysis were used to analyze the external quality control assessment results of urinary iodine laboratories in Gansu Province from 2017 to 2021 (data were collected from Gansu Center for Disease Prevention and Control).Results:From 2017 to 2021, the participation rate in the assessment of urinary iodine laboratories in the province was 100.0% (473/473), the feedback rate was 99.8% (472/473), and the pass rate was 91.9% (434/472). The pass rates for assessment from 2017 to 2021 were 82.7% (62/75), 93.9% (93/99), 94.9% (93/98), 92.0% (92/100), and 94.0% (94/100), respectively. The pass rates for provincial, municipal, and county assessments were 5/5, 98.6% (69/70), and 90.7% (360/397), respectively. The proportions of │Z│≤2, 2 <│Z│ < 3, and│Z│≥3 between laboratories in the province were 84.5% (399/472), 9.3% (44/472), and 6.2% (29/472), respectively. The proportions of│Z│≤2, 2 <│Z│ < 3, and│Z│≥3 within the laboratories were 88.6% (418/472), 9.1% (43/472), and 2.3% (11/472), respectively. There was a significant difference in the composition of │Z│ scores between laboratories annually (χ 2 = 24.60, P = 0.002), the proportion of│Z│≤2 increased from 66.7%(50/75) in 2017 to 90.0% (90/100) in 2021. The│Z│ scores between and within provincial laboratories were both ≤2. The proportion of │Z│≤2 between municipal and county-level laboratories was 91.4% (64/70) and 83.1% (330/397), respectively, the proportion of│Z│≤2 within laboratories was 92.9% (65/70) and 87.7% (348/397), respectively. There was no difference in the composition of│Z│ scores between and within provincial, municipal, and county-level laboratories( P < 0.05). The proportion of two concentration quality control blind sample results in the province that were both within the uncertainty range was 89.2% (421/472). From 2017 to 2021, they were 81.3% (61/75), 91.9% (91/99), 84.7% (83/98), 92.0% (92/100), and 94.0% (94/100), respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ 2 = 9.69, P = 0.021); provinces, cities, and counties were 5/5, 95.7% (67/70), and 87.9% (349/397), respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ 2 = 23.60, P = 0.023). Conclusions:Through continuous external quality control assessments of all established urinary iodine laboratories in Gansu Province, the overall testing capacity of urinary iodine laboratories at all levels has been continuously improved. However, in the future, it is still necessary to strengthen laboratory testing capabilities and improve the level of urine iodine detection.

Iodine nutrition is very important to human health, especially for brain development, urinary iodinary is one of the basic indicators reflecting the nutritional status of iodine, and is an important basis for scientific evaluation of iodine nutrition. In order to provide support and assistance for improving the network syetem of iodine nutrition monitoring laboratories, we summarized and explored the construction process, quality control, and management methods of 85 county-level urinary iodine laboratories in Gansu Province from 2016 to 2018.

Objective:To investigate the iodine nutritional status of population in Gansu Province, and to provide a scientific basis for policy adjustment of relevant departments.Methods:In 2019, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 87 monitoring units in 86 counties (districts and cities) of 14 cities (prefectures) in Gansu Province for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Instant urine samples and salt samples of children aged 8 to 10 years and pregnant women were collected for detection of urinary iodine and salt iodine. B-ultrasound was used to check the thyroid volume of children in 40 monitoring units.Results:A total of 17 772 children aged 8 to 10 years were investigated. The median urinary iodine (MUI) of children was 197.4 μg/L, the MUI of 14 cities (prefectures) ranged from 160.6 to 233.4 μg/L. There were statistically significant differences in MUI among children of different genders and ages ( P < 0.001). Totally 8 269 children were examined by B-ultrasound, the children's goiter rate was 1.4% (118/8 269). There were statistically significant differences in the thyroid volume among children of different genders and ages ( P < 0.05). A total of 8 605 pregnant women were investigated. The MUI of pregnant women was 178.6 μg/L, and the MUI of 14 cities (prefectures) ranged from 156.5 to 275.0 μg/L. There was no statistical significant difference in MUI among pregnant women in different pregnancies ( P > 0.05). A total of 26 377 samples of salt consumed by children and pregnant women were detected. The median salt iodine was 24.71 mg/kg. The coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 99.44% and 93.59%, respectively. Twenty-three counties (districts and cities) failed to meet the elimination standard of IDD in the single indicator. Conclusions:IDD is in a state of continuous elimination in Gansu Province; iodized salt supervision needs to be further strengthened; there is an imbalance of control measures between regions.

Objective:To evaluate the iodine level of drinking water in different ecological regions in Gansu Province, and to provide a basis for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in accordance with local conditions.Methods:In May to July 2017, according to different topography, landforms and climatic conditions, Gansu Province was divided into six ecological regions: desert area, Hexi Corridor gobi area, Loess Plateau hilly area, Qinling Zhongshan gorge area, Gannan Plateau grassland and meadow area, and Loess Plateau gully area. One county was selected from each of the five districts in the east, west, south, north, and central areas in each ecological regions. Drinking water samples were collected in each county based on the township, and the water iodine content was determined by arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Results:A total of 4 037 water samples were collected in 527 townships of six ecological regions, the water iodine range was 0.10 - 97.60 μg/L, with a median of 2.10 μg/L. Among them, the medians water iodine of the six ecological regions were less than 40 μg/L, the difference between different ecological regions was statistically significant ( H = 1 007.440, P < 0.01); the unified centralized, partially centralized and dispersed water supply water samples were 157, 2 263 and 1 617, and the medians water iodine were 1.61, 2.42, and 1.83 μg/L, respectively, and there was statistically significant difference among different water supply methods ( H = 37.164, P < 0.01). Stratified by water supply method, the differences in water iodine between different ecological regions of the same water supply method were statistically significant ( H = 32.628, 580.630, 391.070, P < 0.01); stratified by ecological region type, the differences of different water supply methods in desert area, Hexi Corridor gobi area, Qinling Zhongshan gorge area, Gannan Plateau grassland and meadow area were statistically significant ( Z = - 2.770, H = 6.369, 9.936, 12.666, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The six ecological regions in Gansu Province are all iodine-deficient areas. The water iodine content varies among different ecological region types and different water supply methods. Surveys on water iodine content and the operating status of water supply facilities should be carried out regularly, and measures should be adjusted in time to prevent and control iodine deficiency disorders in accordance with local conditions.

Objective To assess iodine nutritional status of lactating women and infants (0-2 years old) in six ecological regions of Gansu Province,and to provide a scientific basis for iodine supplementation of target people.Methods According to different topography and climate conditions,Gansu Province was divided into six ecological regions:the desert region,the Gobi region of Hexi Corridor,the hills and valleys region of Loess Plateau,the Zhongshan Valley of Qinling Mountains,the grassland meadow area of Gannan plateau and the Loess Plateaugully region.Totally 5 counties were selected from each ecological region,and each county was divided into five geographic locations (east,south,west,north and center).In each location,one township was identified and ten samples of lactating women and infants (0-2 years old) were selected randomly and 60 salt samples of residents were collected to determine iodine content.At the same time salt intake of 20 residents was surveyed in three townships as mentioned above.The water samples of all the centralized water supply projects were collected in each county,and one water sample of the decentralized water supply in ten townships with the largest population of each county from east,south,west,north and center locations was collected to determine iodine content.One soil sample was collected to determine iodine content in east,south,west,north and center townships of each county.The urinary iodine and water iodine levels were measured with the method for determination of iodine in urine by As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006).The direct titration method among thegeneric methods for iodide testing in salt production industry (GB/T 13025.7-2012) was used to determine the salt iodine level,and the arbitration method was adopted for quantitative determination in the case of Sichuan salt or other special salts and the salt intake was estimated based on three day weighed food record.The soil iodine was determined using the amplified colorimetric method.Results Totally 1 476 and 1 461 urine samples of lactating women and infants were collected,and the total urine iodine medians of lactating women and infants (0-2 years old) were 149.05 and 151.34 μg/L,respectively,the urine iodine median of lactating women and infants in each ecological region was at the 100-199 μg/L appropriate level.Not weaning infants urine iodine (155.32 μg/L) was higher than that of the weaning infants (146.30 μg/L),the difference was significant statistically (Z =-2.808,P ＜ 0.05).There was a correlation between urine iodine of not weaning infants aged 0-2 years old and breastfeeding women (r =0.133,P ＜ 0.01),and there was no correlation between weaning infants and breastfeeding women (r =0.045,P ＞ 0.05).About 9 008 salt samples were collected,and the rates of qualified iodized salt intake in the six ecological regions were all higher than 93％.The daily salt intake per person ranged from 4.5 g to 12.6 g,in which the Loess Plateaugully region was the highest with 12.6 g and the grassland meadow area of Gannan plateau was the lowest with 4.5 g.The water iodine median of 1 513 water samples was 3.3 μg/L.The water iodine medians of the rest 4 ecological regions were all less than 5 μg/L except for the desert region (42.4 μg/L) and the Loess Plateau-gully region (30.0 μg/L) of which the median of water iodine was higher than 20 μg/L.The soil iodine median of 155 soil samples was 127 μg/kg,in which the desert region was the lowest with 78 μg/kg and the grassland meadow area of Gannan plateau was the highest with 218 μg/kg.Conclusion Lactating women and infants are in good iodine nutritional status and the present iodized salt concentration can meet the demand of iodine nutrition of lactating women and infants well.

Objective To observe the correlation of intrapulmonary TREM-1 with endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice with acute lung injury (ALI).Methods Balb/c mice were tracheally injected with lipopolysaccharide(LPS,5 mg/kg) to induce ALI.Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of TREM-1,CHOP and GRP78.The correlation of TREM-1 with endoplasmic reticulum-related proteins was analyzed.LPS (100 ng/mL) was used to induce inflammation in mouse primary peritoneal macrophages,and expressions of TREM -1,CHOP and GRP78 mRNA were detected by real-time PCR.The effect of TREM-1 activation on the expressions of CHOP and GRP78 was observed in macrophages.Results The expressions of TREM-1,CHOP and GRP78 mRNA were increased in ALI mice.TREM-1 mRNA expression was positively correlated with CHOP and GRP78 mRNA expression.In vitro,LPS up-regulated the expressions of TREM-1,CHOP and GRP78,and TREM-1 was positively correlated with CHOP and GRP78.Activation of TREM-1 increased CHOP and GRP78 mRNA expressions.Conclusions TREM-1 is positively related to the endoplasmic reticulum stress.The activation of TREM-1 enhances endoplasmic reticulum in mouse macrophages.

Objective To master the situation of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and the people's iodine nutritional status after implementation of the new salt iodine standard in Gansu Province in 2012.Methods Totally 30 counties (cities) were selected in Gansu Province by population proportionate to size sampling (PPS) method in 2014,and one primary school was selected in each counties (cities).In each selected school,50 children aged 8-10 years old were selected for thyroid examination by B-ultrasound,urine samples were collected for iodine determination,and salt samples were collected for iodine determination from a subset of children included in the study.Totally 20 pregnant women were selected from the towns with the sampled schools and urine samples were collected for iodine determination.Arsenic and cerium catalysis spectrophotometry (WS/T 107-2006) was used to detect urinary iodine content;direct titration (GB/T 13025.7-2012) was used to detect edible salt iodine content.Urinary iodine of children and pregnant women were compared with 2011 (before implementation of the new salt iodine standard).Results The median of salt iodine was 26.6 mg/kg,the iodized salt coverage rate was 99.5％ (1 492/1 500),the qualified rate of iodized salt was 89.3％ (1 333/1 492),and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 88.9％ (1 333/1 500).The thyroid goiter rate of children was 3.2％ (48/1 500);a total of 1 499 urine samples of children were detected,the urinary iodine median was 169.8 μg/L,it was significantly lower than that in 2011 (216.0 μg/L,Z =-6.813,P ＜ 0.05).A total of 600 urine samples of pregnant women were detected,the urinary iodine median was 161.8 μg/L,it was significantly lower than that in 2011 (168.6 μg/L,Z =-3.590,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion IDD has been controlled after implementation of the new standard of iodized salt and iodine nutrition condition is good.