OBJECTIVE To summarize the current status of position training for clinical pharmacists in China and provide references for the continuous optimization of such training programs. METHODS SinoMed， CNKI，VIP and Wanfang Data were electronically searched to collect position training of clinical pharmacists studies from the inception until November 5th 2024. After data extraction and quality evaluation， descriptive analysis was performed on the results of the included studies. RESULTS & A total of 68 pieces of relevant literature were included in the study. Among them， 50 studies reported on training content， 49 involved the allocation of teaching resources in the bases， 48 addressed training methods， and 39 focused on training evaluation； only 2 studies mentioned faculty development. There were notable variations in the clinical pharmacist training programs across different bases， particularly in the allocation of teaching resources， such as the composition of the teaching team and the utilization of auxiliary teaching tools. Additionally， differences existed in training approaches， such as those employing a single method versus a blended approach. Conversely， the core training content of each base generally revolved around clinical pharmacy practice， demonstrating a degree of consistency. Moreover， the overall emphasis on teacher training and assessment tended to be obviously insufficient. Each base can focus on enhancing the competence of clinical pharmacists by allocating teaching resources， selecting training methods， improving training content， and using evaluation tools， to further enhance the quality of clinical pharmacist training.

Despite a more significant improvement in survival rates of premature and high-risk infants, surviving infants face a high risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders such as cerebral palsy.Infant development is characterized by a dynamic continum, which makes it difficult to classify a child′s level of motor development as normal or abnormal on the basis of a single examination.This article provides a review of advances in the application of the predictive validity of General Movement Assessment (GMA) and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) in the early assessment and follow-up of infants and toddlers, in order to intervene in a timely manner with young children at potential motor risk.

Background::Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have shown similar worsening epidemic patterns globally and shared various overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms. However, evidence on the relationship between NAFLD and IBD risk is lacking. We aimed to investigate the associations between long-term risk of incident IBD and NAFLD in a large prospective cohort.Methods::Participants from the United Kingdom Biobank cohort (https://biobank.ndph.ox.ac.uk/) who were free of IBD and alcoholic liver disease at baseline were enrolled. Baseline non-alcoholic fatty liver degree was measured by the well-established fatty liver index (FLI). The outcomes of interest included incident IBD, ulcerative colitis (UC), and Crohn’s disease (CD). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results::Among 418,721 participants (mean FLI: 48.11 ± 30.11), 160,807 (38.40%) participants were diagnosed as NAFLD at baseline. During a median of 12.4 years’ follow-up, 2346 incident IBD cases (1545 UC, 653 CD, and 148 IBD-unclassified) were identified. Due to limited events, those IBD-unclassified were combined in UC or CD when examining the associated risk of UC or CD, separately. Compared with the lowest quartile of FLI, the highest quartile showed a separately 36.00%, 25.00%, and 58.00% higher risk of incident IBD (HR Q4 vs. Q1 =1.36, 95% CI: 1.19-1.55, Ptrend <0.001), UC (HR Q4 vs. Q1 =1.25, 95% CI: 1.07-1.46, Ptrend=0.047), and CD (HR Q4 vs. Q1 =1.58, 95% CI: 1.26-1.97, Ptrend <0.001) after multivariable adjustment. Compared with non-NAFLD, NAFLD participants had a significantly higher risk of incident IBD (HR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.04-1.24) and CD (HR =1.36, 95% CI: 1.17-1.58). Conclusions::Higher degree of non-alcoholic fatty liver is associated with increased risk of incident IBD. Interventions aimed at improving NAFLD may be a potential targeted strategy for the detection and treatment of IBD.

ObjectiveTo investigate the pharmacodynamic characteristics and explore the molecular mechanism of Honghua oral liquid （HOL） in relieving neuropathic pain （NP）. MethodHealthy male SD rats were randomly assigned into sham group， model group， low-， medium-， high-dose （0.5， 1.0， 2.0 mL·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively） HOL groups， and a positive drug （pregabalin， 25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） group， with 6 rats in each group. Spinal nerve ligation （SNL） of L5 was conducted in other groups except the sham group. Drug administration was performed 3 days after the SNL surgery for 2 consecutive weeks， and samples were collected after the end of the administration. During the treatment period， the mechanical pain threshold and cold pain threshold were determined to measure the pain-relieving effect of HOL. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on hippocampal tissue samples from the sham， model， and high-dose HOL groups， and differentially expressed genes between the sham group and the model group as well as the model group and HOL high-dose group were obtained. After pathway enrichment analysis， we selected the targets which were closely related to neuroinflammation for validation， and predicted the specific binding sites of the major active components in HOL with the targets through molecular docking. In addition， the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-10 （IL-10） were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） to evaluate the effect of HOL on neuroinflammation in NP rats. ResultCompared with the sham group， SNL decreased the mechanical pain threshold and cold pain threshold （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， HOL recovered the mechanical pain threshold and cold pain threshold （P<0.05）. The transcriptome data showed that 376 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were identified between the model group and the sham group， including 124 upregulated genes and 252 downregulated genes， and 194 DEGs between the model group and the high-dose HOL group， including 33 upregulated genes and 161 downregulated genes. Among them， insulin-like growth factor 1（IGF1）， matrix metallopeptidase-2 （MMP-2）， matrix metallopeptidase-14 （MMP-14）， erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 （ERBB2）， and integrin subunit alpha 5 （ITGA5） associated with NP were selected for further validation. The Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） results showed that compared with the sham group， the modeling up-gurelated the mRNA levels of the above five molecules in the hippocampus （P<0.01）. Compared with model group， HOL down-regulated the mRNA levels of these molecules （P<0.01）. The molecular docking results showed that the main active components of safflower， hydroxysafflor yellow A， kaempferol， and quercetin， formed stable hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residues of IGF1， MMP-2， MMP-14， ERBB2， and ITGA5. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） results showed that compared with those in the sham group， the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were out of balance in the model rats （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， HOL lowered the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α （P<0.01） and elevated that of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 （P<0.05）. ConclusionHOL exerts analgesic effect on SNL rats by inhibiting neuroinflammation.

Objective To evaluate the causes,prevention and treatment of mesh infection after abdominal wall hernia mesh repair.Methods The clinical data of 14 mesh infections admitted from De-cember 1997 to December 2013 were analyzed retrospectively.There were one case of inguinal hernia with Lichtenstein repair,eleven cases of inguinal hernia with preperitoneal repair,one case of incisional hernia with Bard Composix Mesh and 1 case of parastomal hernia with mesh repair above the abdominal muscle. Based on prothetic materials and infection status,the infection meshes were removed in 4 cases and open dressing change were operated in 10 cases.Results All patients were healed and discharged without peri-operative death.There was no hemorrhage and bladder injury during the procedures.The time of dressing change ranged from 3 weeks to 6 months,with a median of 4 weeks.All patients were followed up for 8 to 64 months.One patient had a recurrence of abdominal incisional hernia.Conclusion There are many fac-tors related to mesh infection after mesh repair and preventing mesh infection is the most important.Once the infection occurs,the management should be individualized.Antibiotic treatment and surgical drainage can be effective in most polypropylene mesh(PPM)infection However,infected expanded polytetrafluoro-ethylene(ePTFE)mesh should be removed completely.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy and reliability of 4D time-resolved MRA with keyhole (4D-TRAK) for the detection and characterization of cerebral aneurysms ( CAs),with a comparison of 3D time-of-flight MRA (3D-TOF-MRA).Methods3D-TOF-MRA,4D-TRAK and 3D-DSA were performed sequentially in 52 patients with suspected CAs.4D-TRAK was acquired using a combination of sensitivity encoding (SENSE) and contrast-enhanced (CE) timing robust angiography ( CENTRA ) k-space sampling techniques at a contrast dose of 10 ml at 3 T scanner. Accuracy,sensitivity,specificity of 4D-TRAK and 3D-TOF-MRA were calculated and compared for the detection of CAs on patient-based and aneurysm-based evaluation using 3D-DSA as a reference. Wilcoxon signed rank test were used. Results The overall image quality of 4D-TRAK was appropriate for the diagnostic purpose,but yet not comparable with that of 3D-TOF-MRA.In 52 patients with suspected GAs,58 CAs were confirmed on 3D-DSA finally.Fifty-one (with 2 false-positives and 9 false-negatives) and 58 (with 1 false-positive and 1 false-negative)CAs were visualized on 4D-TRAK and 3D-TOF-MRA,respectively.Accuracy,sensitivity and specificity on patient-based evaluation of 4D-TRAK and 3D-TOF-MRA were 92.31％ ( 48/52 ),93.33％ ( 42/45 ),85.71 ％ (6/7) and 98.08％ ( 51/52 ),100.00％ ( 45/45 ),85.71％ ( 6/7 ),respectively,and 74.07％(20/27),75.00％ ( 18/24),66.67％ (2/3) and 96.30％ (26/27),95.83％ (26/27),100.00％ (3/3)on aneurysm-based evaluation in patients with multiple CAs,respectively.Subgroup analysis revealed that for 19 very small CAs ( maximal diameter ＜3 mm,measured on 3D-DSA),9 were missed on 4D-TRAK and 1 on 3D-TOF-MRA( Z =- 2.464,P ＜ O.01 ). However,for 39 CAs with maximal diameter more than 3 mm,there was no significantly difference in the diagnostic accuracy (39 on 4D-TRAK vs.39 on 3D-TOFMRA) (Z =0.000,P ＞0.05).In 4 large CAs with maximal diameter more than 10 mm,4D-TRAK provided a better characterization of morphology than 3D-TOF-MRA.Conclusions 4D-TRAK with a combination of SENSE and CENTRA at 3 T shows potential value in the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms.However,due to the compromise in spatial resolution and vascular edge artifacts,it does not yet have a diagnostic accuracy of CAs comparable with 3D-TOF-MRA.TRAK imaging can be of great help in patients with large-giant CAs to characterize the morphology of CAs and to diminish the risk of NSF in patients with renal impairment by using a lower-dose contrast.

Novel ion exchange adsorbents were synthesized by immobilizing sulfopropyl derivative onto homemade highly cross-linked agarose beads. The effects of different ligand densities (from 0.05 to 0.24 mol/L) on static and dynamic adsorption of the adsorbents were investigated using lysozyme as a model protein. Based on these results, rHLF was purified from the transgenic milk by our SP media. 1 mL high density (0.24 mol/L) adsorbent could handle 50 mL rHLF-containing milk. The mass recovery of rHLF was 86.5% and the purity was 98.5%. CD spectra demonstrated that the native structure of rHLF was not affected in the purification process. The biological functions of the purified rHLF, including iron binding, releasing and antimicrobial activities were then investigated. The results showed that rHLF had comparable iron binding and releasing activity to that of native HLF. 5 g/L concentration of rHLF significantly inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli. These studies lay a solid foundation for the wide application of our self-prepared ion exchange adsorbents in protein purification.
Animals ; Cattle ; Female ; Humans ; Lactoferrin ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Mammary Glands, Animal ; metabolism ; Milk ; chemistry ; Milk, Human ; chemistry ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; isolation & purification