The small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxonomic composition, microbial load, and diversity of normal small intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it highlights the role of small intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. The impact of proton pump inhibitors on small intestinal microbiota dysbiosis underscores the importance of the appropriate use of strong acid suppressants in clinical practice. Future research should focus on both the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the small intestine to explore the taxonomic changes and functional differences.

The small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxonomic composition, microbial load, and diversity of normal small intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it highlights the role of small intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. The impact of proton pump inhibitors on small intestinal microbiota dysbiosis underscores the importance of the appropriate use of strong acid suppressants in clinical practice. Future research should focus on both the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the small intestine to explore the taxonomic changes and functional differences.

The small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxonomic composition, microbial load, and diversity of normal small intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it highlights the role of small intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. The impact of proton pump inhibitors on small intestinal microbiota dysbiosis underscores the importance of the appropriate use of strong acid suppressants in clinical practice. Future research should focus on both the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the small intestine to explore the taxonomic changes and functional differences.

The small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxonomic composition, microbial load, and diversity of normal small intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it highlights the role of small intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. The impact of proton pump inhibitors on small intestinal microbiota dysbiosis underscores the importance of the appropriate use of strong acid suppressants in clinical practice. Future research should focus on both the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the small intestine to explore the taxonomic changes and functional differences.

The small intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders. Despite extensive research on gut microbiota, studies focusing on the small intestine are limited owing to methodological challenges. This review discusses the taxonomic composition, microbial load, and diversity of normal small intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it highlights the role of small intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. The impact of proton pump inhibitors on small intestinal microbiota dysbiosis underscores the importance of the appropriate use of strong acid suppressants in clinical practice. Future research should focus on both the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the small intestine to explore the taxonomic changes and functional differences.

Background: Even amid the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria and infection control are still important tasks. After recognizing the carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) outbreak that occurred in the isolation room for COVID-19, we would like to introduce what infection control measures were implemented to eradicate it. Materials and Methods: All COVID-19 patients with CRAB in any specimen admitted to the COVID-19 isolation ward of the tertiary hospital in Korea from October to November 2021 were analyzed. Results: During the outbreak, 23 patients with COVID-19 and CRAB infections were identified. The index case was an 85-year-old female referred from a long-term care facility. CRAB was identified in sputum culture in most patients (91.3%). The CRAB outbreak occurred mainly in the rooms around the index case. Environmental cultures on the floor, air inlet, air outlet, and window frame of the rooms were performed. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of CRAB from patients and the environment were identical; whole-genome sequencing analyses revealed isolated clonality. Infection control measures with enhanced environmental cleaning using 1,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite and phenolic compounds, enhanced hand hygiene, additional education, and mandatory additional gowning and gloving of COVID-19 personal protective equipment (PPE) were applied on 29 October. No CRAB infection cases occurred from 2 November for two weeks. Conclusion In addition to applying PPE and COVID-19 precautions in COVID-19 isolation wards, adhering to strict contact precautions along with environmental control can help prevent the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases has been regularly developing guidelines for adult immunization since 2007. In 2023, the guidelines for the following seven vaccines were revised: influenza, herpes zoster, pneumococcal, tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (Tdap), human papillomavirus (HPV), meningococcal, and rabies vaccines. For the influenza vaccine, a recommendation for enhanced vaccines for the elderly was added. For the herpes zoster vaccine, a recommendation for the recombinant zoster vaccine was added. For the pneumococcal vaccine, the current status of the 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 20-valent PCV was described. For the Tdap vaccine, the possibility of using Tdap instead of tetanus-diphtheria vaccine was described. For the HPV vaccine, the expansion of the eligible age for vaccination was described. For the meningococcal vaccine, a recommendation for the meningococcal B vaccine was added. For the rabies vaccine, the number of pre-exposure prophylaxis doses was changed. This manuscript documents the summary and rationale of the revisions for the seven vaccines. For the vaccines not mentioned in this manuscript, the recommendations in the 3rd edition of the Vaccinations for Adults textbook shall remain in effect.

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Bacteremia* ; Korea*

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Bacteremia* ; Korea*

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Aged ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Empyema/complications/diagnosis/*microbiology ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Male ; Nocardia/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; Pneumonia/complications/diagnosis/*microbiology ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed