Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs), recognized as emerging environmental pollutants, are widely distributed in natural environments. Due to their small particle size and significant migratory capacity, MNPs can infiltrate diverse environmental matrices, then invade and accumulate in the organism via the skin, respiration, and digestion. Recently, concerns have grown over the detrimental effects and potential toxicity of MNPs on reproductive health. This review summarized published epidemiological and toxicological studies related to MNPs exposure and their effects on reproductive health. Firstly, this review critically examined the current landscape of epidemiological evidence and found that MNPs (e.g., polystyrene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, etc.) are present in various biological specimens from both males and females, and their presence may be associated with an increased risk of reproductive disorders. Secondly, extensive toxicological studies revealed that MNPs exposure induces reproductive health damage through mechanisms such as disrupting the microstructure of reproductive organs and altering molecular-level expressions. Oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis are identified as potential links between MNPs exposure and reproductive damage. Finally, this review addressed the prevalent shortcomings in existing studies and proposed future directions to tackle the challenges posed by MNPs-induced reproductive harm. These insights aim to inform strategies for safeguarding public reproductive health and ecological security, providing a scientific foundation for mitigating risks associated with MNPs pollution.

【Objective】 To evaluate the effectiveness of Roche Cobas s 201 in detecting HBV by analyzing its blood nucleic acid testing (NAT) results. 【Methods】 The results were grouped according to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and NAT minipool test (MP), NAT individual test (ID) and repeated NAT ID test (rID), and categorized into 4 groups as ELISA+ /NAT(ID)+ , ELISA+ /NAT(rID)+ , ELISA-/NAT(ID)+ and ELISA-/NAT(rID)+ . The data were statistically analyzed to explore whether there was a difference in the detection of reactive results by repeated NAT, and the correlation between cycle threshold (Ct) and nucleic acid detection rate for NAT-reactive samples with different ELISA results. The true infection status of blood donors was further analyzed by supplementary tests, including NAT systems and chemiluminescence serological marker assays using other methodologies. 【Results】 A total of 1 691 groups of 766 293 blood donor samples were HBV NAT(MP)+ , of which 1 418 groups(83.86%) were detected with reactive results (1 418 HBV NAT+ , 7 090 NAT-), and there were still 273 groups (16.14%) that remained undetected after repeated testing[a total of 1 638 NAT-, Ct(MP): 39.49±3.62]. Of the HBV NAT+ , 881(62.13%) were ELISA+ /NAT(ID)+ , 19(1.34%) were ELISA+ /NAT(rID)+ , 451(31.81%) were ELISA-/NAT(ID)+ , and 67(4.72%) were ELISA-/NAT(rID)+ . For samples with different ELISA results, difference was found in the detection of HBV by repeated NAT (P<0.05). There was no difference in Ct(ID) values between groups ELISA+ /NAT(rID)+ and ELISA-/ NAT(ID)+ , and groups ELISA+ /NAT(rID)+ and ELISA-/ NAT(rID)+ (P>0.05), but there were significant differences between other groups compared pairwise (P<0.05). Supplementary tests were performed on 228 ELISA-/ NAT(MP)+ (ID)- samples, 56 (24.56%) were reactive by chemiluminescent detection of HBsAg+ and 7 (3.07%) by other NAT systems. Among the remaining 221 NAT- samples/donors (96.93%), 53 (23.98%) HBsAg+ donors were likely to have chronic infection, 40 (18.10%) anti-HBe+ and/or anti-HBc+ donors might have previous infections, and the remaining 128 (57.92%) donors who were non-reactive were NAT (MP) pseudo-reactive, with significant differences in anti-HBs levels \'between groups (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Repeated NAT has differential detection of donor samples with different reactivity categories or different serologic results, especially within a certain interval, and repeated NAT for ELISA- samples can significantly improve the detection rate. Ct values can assist in assessing the stability and accuracy of the NAT system. For ELISA-/NAT(MP)+ (ID)- donors, the combination of other highly sensitive assays can reduce the risk of viral residuals and safeguard clinical blood safety.

Objective To provide more objective reference in diagnosis and prognosis of coronary heart disease(CHD)combined with heart failure(HF)by analyzing features of pulse graph parameters improved with moving average line method of patients with CHD combined with HF.Methods From September 2018 to December 2020,a random sampling method was used to collect 78 inpatients with CHD and 73 inpatients with CHD combined with HF in department of cardiology of Shu Guang Hospital Attached to Shanghai TCM University,Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine as well as 78 healthy people from physical examination center of Shu Guang Hospital Attached to Shanghai TCM University and Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Smart TCM-I type pulse digital acquisition analyzer was used to collect pulse samples.χ2 test,LSD test,Dunnett's T3 test and Kruskal Wallis test were used to analyze the differences of pulse graph parameters among the groups improved with moving average line method.Results ①Results of pulse graph parameters about chronaxy:Compared with those in healthy people,t5 of patients with CHD decreased significantly(P<0.01),t,t3,t5 of patients with CHD combined with HF increased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with those in patients with CHD,t5 of patients with CHD combined with HF increased significantly(P<0.01),t3 increased(P<0.05).②Results of pulse graph parameters about ratio of chronaxy:Compared with those in healthy people,t1/t,w/t,tf/4/t,tf/3/t4,tf/4/t4,tf/5/t4,tf/3/tmax,tf/4/tmax,tf/5/tmax,tf/6/tmax of patients with CHD decreased significantly(P<0.01),tmax/t,w/t4,tf/3/t,tf/5/t,tf/6/t,tf/6/t4 decreased(P<0.05),t0.8/tmax increased(P<0.05),w/t,t0.9/t,t0.8/t,tf/3/t,tf/4/t,tf/5/t,tf/6/t,tf/3/t4,tf/4/t4,tf/3/tmax,tf/4/tmax,tf/5/tmax,tf/6/tmax of patients with CHD combined with HF decreased significantly(P<0.01),t1/t,tmax/t,w/t4,t0.9/t4 decreased(P<0.05),t3/t4 increased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with those in patients with CHD,t0.9/tmax of patients with CHD combined with HF decreased significantly(P<0.01),t0.9/t,t0.8/tmax decreased(P<0.05),t3/t4 increased significantly(P<0.01).③Results of pulse graph parameters about amplitude:Compared with those in healthy people,h4 of patients with CHD decreased(P<0.05),h3,h4 of patients with CHD combined with HF decreased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with those in patients with CHD,h5 of patients with CHD combined with HF decreased significantly(P<0.01),h3 decreased(P<0.05).④Results of pulse graph parameters about ratio of amplitude:Compared with those in healthy people,h4/h1 of patients with CHD decreased(P<0.05),h3/h1,h4/h1 of patients with CHD combined with HF decreased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with those in patients with CHD,h5/h1 of patients with CHD combined with HF decreased significantly(P<0.01).Conclusion Patients with CHD combined with HF characterize a weakening arterial compliance and an increasing peripheral resistance.Their cardiac contractility is decreased with shorten rapid ejection phase.The myocardium is likely to remodel which leads to a slower heart rate and the decreased stroke volume may cause a low pulse pressure.Patients with CHD combined with HF are more likely to suffer from decreased function of aortic valve.The most common pulse conditions are infrequent pulse,uneven pulse,thready pulse,slippery pulse and taut pulse.Pulse graph parameters improved with moving average line method can provide more objective reference in studying features of pulse graph of CHD combined with HF.It is conducive to further promote the objectification of pulse diagnosis.

Objective:Analysis of hepatitis B surface antigen negative donations, initial detection of reactivity followed by subsequent differential tests or repeat the infection status of non-discriminated reactive (NDR) unresponsive blood donors to explore whether different nucleic acid detection systems have differences in the detection of HBsAg -/NDR. Methods:The test result and reactivity rates of blood donor samples received from January 2020 to August 2022 were compared, and some samples were repeated for both nucleic acid testing systems, and the characteristics of the HBsAg -/HBV DNA + blood donors were analyzed. Results:Through the analysis of nucleic acid result from January 2020 to August 2022, repeated nucleic acid detection can improve the detection of HBsAg -/NDR blood donors, and the detection rate is offset in different cycle threshold valve ( Ct value) intervals or different sample absorbance to cut-off absorbance ratio ( S/ CO value) interval. Also grouping of Ct values or S/ CO values revealed that there was variability in detection rates between intervals in the two nucleic acid detection systems (PCR: X2=108.23, P<0.001, TMA: X2=40.95, P<0.001), mainly concentrated in Ct values less than 38.5 or S/ CO values between 10 and 15. And analysis of selected HBsAg -/HBV DNA + blood donor populations revealed that repeat nucleic acid testing was found for donors of different age ( X2=9.38, P=0.025), number of blood donations ( X2=22.52, P<0.001), occupation ( X2=24.92, P=0.002) and education level ( X2=10.37, P=0.016) significant differences, while there was no statistically significant difference for blood donors by gender ( X2=9.38, P>0.05), with far more males (67.50%) than females. Conclusions:For blood donors with a Ct value of less than 38.5, or an S/ CO value between 10 and 15, or a blood donor at the age of 41 to 50 years, another detection technology can be combined to improve the detection rate, reduce the potential risk of virus transmission of HBsAg -/NDR blood donors, and ensure the safety of clinical blood.

Objective:To analyze the situation of hepatitis B enzyme immunoassay-positive but nucleic acid negative infection (HBsAg ELISA(+ )/HBV-DNA(-)) among unpaid blood donors in Zhejiang Blood Center, and to explore the causes of inconsistency between enzyme immunoassay and nucleic acid result.Methods:A single nucleic acid test was performed on blood donors whose routine blood screening result were HBsAg-ELISA(+ )/HBV-DNA(-), and the test result of such blood donors were analyzed.Results:A total of 205 HBsAg-ELISA(+ )/HBV-DNA(-) samples were screened from 114017 blood donors from May to November, 2022. The proportion of male blood donors (0.14%) were significantly lower than that of the female blood donors (0.24%)( χ2= 14.761, P<0.005); the proportion of the first blood donor (0.32%) was significantly higher than that of the second blood donor (0.09%) ( χ2 = 78.781, P<0.005); the difference between different education levels is statistically significant ( χ2 =47.753, P<0.005). After single-person nucleic acid re-detection, the re-detection rate of nucleic acid in ELISA double-reagent positive samples was higher than that in single-reagent positive samples ( χ2=94.378, P<0.005); there was no significant difference between ELISA reagent 1 and reagent 2 in the detection rate of nucleic acid ( χ2 =0.163, P>0.005). There was no significant difference in the positive rate of secondary nucleic acid detection between the two nucleic acid detection systems ( χ2=0.626, P>0.005). Serological supplementary test showed that 11 HBV-DNA(+ ) samples showed two serological combination patterns after chemiluminescence detection, namely HBsAg(+ )/HBeAb(+ ) and HBeAb(+ ), most of which were HBsAg(+ )/HBeAb (+ ), a total of 10 cases, accounting for 90.91%, and only one case was HBeAb (+ ), accounting for 9.09%. The quantitative result of HBsAg showed that most of them were at low HBsAg level. Conclusions:After re-detection by single nucleic acid detection method, HBsAg-ELISA(+ )/HBV-DNA(-) samples of blood donors do have a certain proportion of HBV-DNA(+ ), but most of the samples were still HBV-DNA (-), additional experiments on HBV serological markers and HBV-DNA are needed to determine their true infection status and clarify the reasons for the inconsistency between enzyme immunoassay and nucleic acid test result. In addition, nucleic acid and HBsAg detection reagents with high sensitivity and specificity should be selected as far as possible in blood donor screening to ensure the accuracy of result.

The paper takes the shared terms of tongue manifestations in the book World Health Organization International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region.2007 and ISO 23961-1:2021 Traditional Chinese medicine-Vocabulary for diagnostics-Part 1:Tongue,as the basic contrastive analysis corpus, and. makes Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine edited by Zhu Wenfeng and the eighth edition of Oxford Advanced English-Chinese Dictionary as reference books . Based on the translation theory of "Adaptation" and "Selection", the main characteristics of the terminology standards of tongue manifestation in the two versions are analyzed and summarized from the dimension of language, culture and communication. And then, problems such as selection of terms, difference of term property and structure, single choices of term-selection standard for compound tongue manifestations, different contexts for the same term and a lack of certain terminologies are found. Thus, this paper finds that to achieve different communicative effects in the context, the differences of the applicable objects of terms should be considered. These findings suggest that terms of WHO serve as the tool of education and training, targeting practitioner as main user, while terms of ISO serve as information objectivization, aiming to specify data exchange for diagnostic instrument.

OBJECTIVE To study the spectru m-toxicity relationship of in vitro hepatotoxicity of aqueous extract from Euodia rutaecarpa. METHODS The aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa from different habitats were prepared. The fingerprints of aqueous extract from E. rutaecarpa were established by ultra high performance liquid chromatography （UPLC） method and Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Fingerprint （2012A edition ），and common peaks were identified and the similarity was evaluated. Using normal human hepatocytes L 02 as subject ，inhibitory effect of aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa to them were investigated. The spectrum-toxicity relationship of UPLC fingerprint of aqueous extract from E. rutaecarpa with the hepatotoxicity of hepatocytes L 02 was analyzed by grey relational analysis （GRA）and partial least squares regression analysis （PLSR）. The corresponding compound of the chromatographic peak with the greatest correlation with the in vitro hepatotoxicity of E. rutaecarpa were isolated ，prepared and identified. RESULTS There were 27 common peaks in UPLC fingerprints of aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa ，with similarity of 0.375-0.995. Totally 9 peaks were confirmed ，i.e. neochlorogenic acid （peak 5），chlorogenic acid （peak 9），cryptochlorogenic acid （peak 10），caffeic acid （peak 12），rutin （peak 16），hyperin（peak 17），dehydroevotarine（peak 19），evotarine（peak 24），rutecarpine（peak 25）. The aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa showed significant inhibitory effect on the growth of L 02 cells（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01），and the inhibitory rate ranged from 6.68％ to 67.95％. GRA showed that there were 18 common peaks with correlation degree greater than 0.8，which were peak 8＞peak 3＞peak 23＞peak 7＞peak 4＞peak 9＞peak 12＞peak 2＞peak 19＞peak 6＞ 4928381。E-mail：799247687@qq.com peak 15＞peak 5＞peak 1＞peak 17＞peak 21＞peak 26＞ peak 20＞peak 14 in descending order of correlation degree. PLSR showed that there were 14 peaks with regression coefficient＞0 and variable importance projection value ＞1，and the order of regression coefficient was peak 8＞peak 3＞peak 23＞ peak 2＞peak 7＞peak 4＞peak 12＞peak 9＞peak 19＞peak 5＞peak 17＞peak 26＞peak 10＞peak 15. Peak 8 had the greatest correlation with in vitro hepatotoxicity，and the corresponding compound of this peak was identified as 6-O-trans caffeoyl gluconic acid. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro hepatotoxicity of aqueous extract from E. rutaecarpa is the result of multiple component interaction，among which 6-O-trans caffeoyl gluconic acid shows closest relation with in vitro hepatotoxicity.

ObjectiveTo analyze the changing trend of cerebrovascular disease burden in Minhang District of Shanghai from 1996 to 2021， and to provide scientific evidence for government to formulate targeted cerebrovascular disease prevention and control strategies. MethodsMortality， years of life lost（YLL）， years of lived with disability（YLD） and disability⁃adjusted life years（DALY） were used to evaluate the burden of cerebrovascular diseases in Minhang District. Joinpoint linear regression was used to analyze the trend of disease burden. ResultsFrom 1996 to 2021， the YLL rate of cerebrovascular diseases in Minhang District showed a downward trend （whole population： APC=-1.69%， t=-6.9， P<0.05）， The YLD rate of cerebrovascular diseases showed a slow upward trend （whole population： APC=1.17%， t=3.5， P<0.05）， The DALY rate of cerebrovascular diseases showed a downward trend， and fluctuated since 2003 （whole population： APC= -1.43%， t=-5.6， P<0.05）. The YLL rate of cerebrovascular diseases in men was higher than that in women， and the YLD rate of cerebrovascular diseases in women was higher than that in men. After 2014， the DALY of cerebrovascular diseases in men was higher than that in women. With the increase of age， the burden of cerebrovascular diseases increased， and the burden of disease increased significantly in the age group above 70. ConclusionThe burden of cerebrovascular diseases in Minhang District is at a high level， and there are differences in age， gender and other aspects. Measures such as screening， intervention and rehabilitation need to be improved to reduce disability and premature death caused by cerebrovascular diseases and to reduce the burden of cerebrovascular diseases on individuals， families and society.

Objective To investigate the correlation between hepatic triglyceride content and glucose lipid metabolism,insulin resistance and β cell function.Methods A total of 32 type 2 diabetic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was recruited in this study.Hepatic triglyceride content was measured with liver proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out in all participants,with measurements of plasma glucose and insulin levels.The homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR),hepatic insulin resistance (HIR),and Matsuda Index (MSI) were used to assess insulin resistance.The homeostasis model assessment beta cell function (HOMA-βF),early insulin secretion index (EISI) and late insulin secretion index (LISI) were used to assess β cell function.Results Hepatic triglyceride contents had positive correlations with body mass index (BMI),waist circumference,Body fat,aspartate transaminase (AST),alanine transaminase (ALT),triglycerides (TG),HOMA-IR,HIR,and negative correlations with MSI.Stepwise regression analysis showed that body fat and HOMA-IR were independently risk factors for hepatic triglyceride contents.Conclusions Hepatic triglyceride content is closely correlated with obesity,liver function,blood lipid,and insulin resistance;especially obesity and insulin resistance are the most important factors.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the incidence of radiation-induced brain stem injury after intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and the radiation dose volume in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 258 patients newly diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who received IMRT in our group from 2005 to 2013.The radiation dose per unit volume of brain stem was analyzed.The relationship between the incidence of brain stem injury induced by IMRT and the radiation dose volume was studied.The survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.The factors influencing the radiation-induced brain stem injury were analyzed using the Cox regression model.Results Two patients with stage T3 disease and three patients with T4 disease had radiation-induced brain stem injury.The 3-and 5-year injury incidence rates were 1.6％ and 2.4％,respectively.The latency ranged between 9 and 58 months,with a median latency of 19 months.The median D1％ and Dmax for the brain stem were 54.24 and 59.22 Gy in all patients,54.31 and 59.45 Gy in patients with stage T3 disease,and 61.29 and 66.37 Gy in patients with stage T4 disease,respectively.In the five patients with brain stem injury,the D1％ and Dmax were larger than 60 and 63 Gy,respectively.The univariate analysis showed that the incidence of radiation-induced brain stem injury was correlated with D1％,Dmax,D0.1 cm3,D0.5 cm3,and D1.0 cm3 (all P=0.01).The incidence of radiation-induced brain stem injury was significantly lower in patients with D1％,Dmax,D0.1 cm3,D0.5 cm3,and D1.0 cm3 no larger than 60,63,60,58,and 56 Gy,respectively (all P =0.00).Conclusions The incidence of radiation-induced brain stem injury after IMRT is relatively low in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Strict control of the dose to the brain stem may help to reduce the incidence of brain stem injury and improve the long-term quality of life.